Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0917816 (mental retardation)
 15,867 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lissencephaly is a cortical malformation secondary to impaired neuronal migration resulting in mental retardation, epilepsy and motor impairment. It shows a severity spectrum from agyria with a severely thickened cortex to posterior band heterotopia only. The LIS1 gene on 17p13.3 encodes a 45 kDa protein named PAFAH1B1 containing seven WD40 repeats. This protein is required for optimal neuronal migration by two proposed mechanisms: as a microtubule-associated protein and as one subunit of the enzyme platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Approximately 65% of patients with isolated lissencephaly sequence (ILS) show intragenic mutations or deletions of the LIS1 gene. We analyzed 29 non-deletion ILS patients carrying a mutation of LIS1 and we report 15 novel mutations. Patients with missense mutations had a milder lissencephaly grade compared with those with mutations leading to a shortened or truncated protein (P = 0.022). Early truncation/deletion mutations in the putative microtubule-binding domain resulted in a more severe lissencephaly than later truncation/deletion mutations (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that the lissencephaly severity in ILS caused by LIS1 mutations may be predicted by the type and location of the mutation. Using a spectrum of ILS patients, we confirm the importance of specific WD40 repeats and a putative microtubule-binding domain for PAFAH1B1 function. We suggest that the small number of missense mutations identified may be due to underdiagnosis of milder phenotypes and hypothesize that the greater lissencephaly severity seen in Miller-Dieker syndrome may be secondary to the loss of another cortical development gene in the deletion of 17p13.3.
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PMID:The location and type of mutation predict malformation severity in isolated lissencephaly caused by abnormalities within the LIS1 gene. 1111 46

Classical lissencephaly is a human developmental brain disorder characterized by a paucity of cortical gyration and thickening of the cortical gray matter, leading to severe epilepsy and mental retardation. Loss-of-function mutations in the microtubule-associated protein encoding genes, PAFAH1B1 (encoding the protein LIS1), DCX and TUBA1A have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the condition. Animal models are required to understand the basis of this disease, which is a challenge, given that mice normally have a smooth cortex. Recent advances toward this goal have come from stepwise reduction in gene function, deletion of redundant genes and acute gene inactivation using short hairpin RNA (shRNA). These approaches have implicated genes that regulate the microtubule cytoskeleton during neuronal division, migration and maturation.
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PMID:Genetic mechanisms underlying abnormal neuronal migration in classical lissencephaly. 1799 85

Submicroscopic duplications of the genomic interval deleted in Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) were recently identified by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) studies, describing new genomic disorders in the MDS locus. These rearrangements of varying size, from 59-88 kb to 4 Mb, were non-recurrent, and appear to result from diverse molecular mechanisms. Only five patients had overlapping 17p13.3 duplications including the entire MDS critical region. We describe here a 13-year-old girl with a novel microduplication of the MDS critical region, involving the PAFAH1B1 and YWHAE genes. She presented with moderate psychomotor retardation, speech delay, behavioral problems, and bilateral cleft lip and palate, a previously unreported manifestation. Initially diagnosed as having an apparently simple terminal Xq26 deletion on standard cytogenetic analysis, she was found to have an associated terminal 4.2 Mb 17p13.3 submicroscopic duplication, identified by subtelomere FISH analysis, further characterized by high-resolution array CGH, resulting from an unbalanced X;17 translocation. Phenotypic comparison with the 5 other patients previously described, revealed common phenotypic features, such as hypotonia, mild to moderate developmental delay/mental retardation, speech abnormalities, behavioral problems, recurrent infections, relatively increase of body weight, discrete facial dysmorphism including downslanting palpebral fissures, broad midface, pointed chin, contributing to further delineate this new 17p13.3 microduplication syndrome.
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PMID:A new 17p13.3 microduplication including the PAFAH1B1 and YWHAE genes resulting from an unbalanced X;17 translocation. 2119 11