Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0917816 (mental retardation)
 15,867 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The syndrome of water intoxication may occur in psychiatric patients and various hypotheses regarding its aetiology have been postulated. Twenty-seven patients in Woodbridge Hospital were found to have this syndrome. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and biochemical findings of this group of patients. 70.4% had schizophrenia, 25.9% had mental retardation and 3.7% had a history of alcohol dependence. Many of them were on antipsychotic medication. The symptoms of water intoxication included polyuria, nausea, tremors, weight gain, disorientation, coma and fits. A majority of the patients had hyponatraemia during the acute stages and the osmolality of urine and plasma were correspondingly low. A few patients had abnormalities in electroencephalogram and computerised axial tomography of brain. The management of patients with water intoxication is discussed briefly.
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PMID:Water intoxication in psychiatric patients in Singapore. 239 1

Patients with tuberculous meningitis were treated with isoniazid and rifampicin for 12 months. To evaluate the result of treatment, we studied the outcome of patients treated from January 1979 to December 1985. Of the 51 patients, 27 were female, and 5, 25, and 21 patients were in the first, second, and third stages of the disease, respectively. Increased intracranial pressure of greater than 200 mm H2O was observed in 42 patients. Three patients required ventriculostomy, and one of them needed ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Three patients died within the first week of admission, and four patients were lost to follow-up. Forty-four patients were followed for 1 1/2 to 7 years; 31 of them recovered completely. Thirteen patients recovered with neurologic sequelae, which included mental retardation, motor weakness, seizures, and hydrocephalus. No serious side effect of the drugs were observed except for transient elevation of liver enzyme activities in four patients. The combination of isoniazid and rifampicin for 1 year, with appropriate management of increased intracranial pressure, seemed to be safe and effective enough to be used as a routine treatment of tuberculous meningitis in areas where resistance to these drugs is uncommon.
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PMID:Tuberculous meningitis in children: treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin for twelve months. 271 2

Despite the fact that New Mexico is a desert state, the drowning rate (4.3) is 40% higher than that nationally (3.0). More than half of those who drown are younger than 25 years, toddlers and adolescents being at greater risk than other age groups. In an epidemiologic study of a six-year period, male drowning victims outnumbered female and American Indian and Hispanic victims outnumbered whites. Other major risk factors were epilepsy, mental retardation and alcohol abuse. In most drownings in the under-25 age group, the victim was involved in recreation near the water or swimming, although many were partially or fully clothed. Most drownings occurred in lakes, ditches or rivers. Because New Mexico is not a water-oriented state, public awareness of drowning hazards needs to be increased and more intensive preventive efforts instituted.
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PMID:Drownings of children and youth in a desert state. 403 19

Young rats with lesions to either the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, median raphe, or pontine reticular formation have previously been reported to be deficient in learning a wide variety of laboratory tasks. In the current study, weanling rats subjected to one of these lesions were rested for three weeks, then examined for acquisition and extinction of a water-motivated straight alley task, and finally tested on luminous flux discriminations of increasing difficulty. All brain-damaged groups were slower than the controls in extinguishing the alley task and only the median raphe group failed to show an impairment on the discrimination problems. These results and others suggest that the foregoing lesions produce deficits in inhibitory and attentional processes. The possibility is discussed that young rats bearing these lesions might serve as a model for the investigation of the neurobiological and cognitive disturbances underlying certain classes of mental retardation in children.
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PMID:Deficits in response inhibition and attention in rats rendered mentally retarded by early subcortical brain damage. 409 37

Pregnant Long-Evans rats were given a single i.p. injection of 30 mg/kg of methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate or saline on day 14 of gestation (vaginal plug = day 0). All litters were reduced to 8 at birth and were reared by their biological dams. Between 49-192 days of age all offspring were examined on open-field, figure-8 (at two different ages), and hole-board tests of activity, as well as passive avoidance and Biel water maze tests of learning (also at two different ages). The MAM offspring showed no increase in mortality, but weighed less than controls, a difference that remained relatively constant throughout the experiment. At 204-215 days of age the MAM offspring were confirmed to be micrencephalic, a known effect of this drug at this dose and exposure period. On all tests of activity the MAM offspring were markedly hyperactive. The female progeny also exhibited a pronounced impairment of normal activity habituation patterns. The MAM males, however, showed a marked impairment of passive avoidance performance, while the females did not. At 2 months of age the MAM offspring also showed a pronounced deficit in learning a water maze. This maze deficit had not abated when tested again at 6 months of age. The MAM induced brain and behavioral abnormalities provide a potentially useful animal model of congenital micrencephaly and associated mental retardation.
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PMID:Pervasive hyperactivity and long-term learning impairments in rats with induced micrencephaly from prenatal exposure to methylazoxymethanol. 654 Jun 18

Morbidity and mortality patterns were examined among 968 pediatric patients on the island of Dominica. These children, whose ages ranged from newborn to 13 years, were seen by the consulting pediatrician at Princess Margaret Hospital during a 9-month period in 1978-79; 852 children were seen as inpatients. A total of 477 cases of infectious disease were diagnosed among inpatients alone. Stool examination in a subsample of these children revealed parasites (mostly Trichuris) in roughly half. Also found was a relatively high prevalence of chronic health problems, especially rheumatic heart disease (34 cases), mental retardation (28 cases), epilepsy (31 cases), and sickle cell anemia (21 cases). Examination of the hospital records of 100 of the inpatients ages 6 months-5 years demonstrated that 34% were low weight-for-age according to the World Health Organization classification. There were 34 deaths (9 pediatric patients and 255 newborns). The high neonatal mortality is attributed to an unusually high incidence of immaturity and prematurity, irregular and insufficient hospital oxygen supply, and a septicemia epidemic. Although these findings reflect patterns of the more serious diseases, they could be useful in planning preventive health measures. The high prevalence of malnutrition points to a need for nutrition education, promotion of breastfeeding, promotion of vegetable growing, and the introduction of a home-based growth chart. The high incidence of diarrhea, typhoid fever, and helminthiases highlights problems with general hygiene, latrines, and water supply. There is also a need for follow-up facilities for children with rheumatic heart disease, epilepsy, and sickle cell anemia. It is suggested that hospital care could be improved by dividing pediatric and neonatology wards into 5 units: isolation ward, malnutrition ward, semi-intensive care unit, general pediatrics, and pediatric surgery.
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PMID:Morbidity and mortality patterns among pediatric patients in Dominica (West Indies). 662 10

A mist of water sprayed in the face was used as a punisher for stereotypic and self-injurious behaviors by a boy diagnosed as severely mentally retarded with autistic-like behaviors. The boy had a long history of mouthing and hand-biting behaviors. The latter behavior was evinced by noticeable scar tissue on the backs of his hands. The study took place in a self-contained public school classroom for autistic children and other children with severe communication disorders and functional mental retardation. An ABAB withdrawal design with no treatment probes demonstrated the rapid and dramatic suppressive effects that the response-contingent water mist had on the target behaviors. This procedure was taught to classroom personnel who were able to maintain the suppression with minimal interruption of educational programming for the subject or his peers. No adverse physical effects were observed nor did the child attempt to escape or struggle against the procedure. The results are discussed in relation to ethical considerations and the use of response-contingent aversive stimulation.
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PMID:Using water mist to reduce self-injurious and stereotypic behavior. 666 Aug 66

An adolescent boy with essential hypernatremia, absent corpus callosum, mental retardation, hypodipsia, and partial diabetes insipidus with "inappropriate" ADH regulation and secretion was studied regarding factors controlling ADH and neurophysin release. Persistent hyperosmolality was noted while on 100 mEq sodium intake daily. Endogenous vasopressin activity was demonstrated after prolonged water deprivation. Hypertonic saline infusion produced increased volumes but dilute urine. Aqueous pitressin increased urinary osmolality, decreased serum osmolality, urine flow rate, and free water clearance. Stable water diuresis was induced by water loading and on normal saline infusion. Nicotine-stimulated neurophysin remained unexpectedly low and below the level of detectability when sampled during the physiologic studies, whereas oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin was elevated during oestrogen stimulation, water loading, and orthostasis procedures. Plasma vasopressin was suppressed with water loading but remained suppressed 90 min after tilt table testing. These data indicate impairment of the osmoreceptor mechanism: however, since the patient had a normal response of oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin, that part of the neurohypophysis appears intact. Chlorpropamide was effective in alleviating the hyperosmolar state acutely and maintained normal osmolar concentrations during two years of therapy.
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PMID:Essential hypernatraemia, antidiuretic hormone and neurophysin secretion: response to chlorpropamide. 746

The molecular cloning and characterization of receptors for [Arg8] vasopressin and oxytocin were recently accomplished. These receptors form a subfamily among the large number of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G protein)-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane domains. The molecular cloning of the human V2 receptor was rapidly followed by the identification of mutations in the V2 receptor gene segregating with the clinical phenotype in families with X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. These naturally occurring mutations will be useful to identify critical functional regions of the vasopressin V2 receptor. Carrier detection and early diagnosis of affected male infants are available and can avert the physical and mental retardation that are the consequences of episodes of dehydration. Together with the recent cloning of the vasopressin-regulated water channels in the apical membrane of the collecting tubule, these developments will enable direct investigation of the mammalian concentrating mechanism.
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PMID:Molecular and cellular biology of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors and action in the kidney. 785 Apr 11

This paper reviews present knowledge on the etiology, pathophysiology, complications, prevention, and therapy of the disorders induced by iodine deficiency. The recommended dietary allowances of iodine are 100 micrograms/day for adults and adolescents, 60-100 micrograms/day for children aged 1 to 10 years, and 35-40 micrograms/day in infants aged less than 1 year. When the physiological requirements of iodine are not met in a given population, a series of functional and developmental abnormalities occur including thyroid function abnormalities and, when iodine deficiency is severe, endemic goiter and cretinism, endemic mental retardation, decreased fertility rate, increased perinatal death, and infant mortality. These complications, which constitute a hindrance to the development of the affected populations, are grouped under the general heading of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). At least one billion people are at risk of IDD. Iodine deficiency, therefore, constitutes one of the most common preventable causes of mental deficiency in the world today. Most of the affected populations live in mountainous areas in preindustrialized countries, but 50 to 100 million people are still at risk in Europe. The most important target groups to the effects of iodine deficiency from a public health point of view are pregnant mothers, fetuses, neonates, and young infants because the main complication of IDD, i.e., brain damage resulting in irreversible mental retardation, is the consequence of thyroid failure occurring during pregnancy, fetal, and early postnatal life. The main cause of endemic goiter and cretinism is an insufficient dietary supply of iodine. The additional role of naturally occurring goitrogens has been documented in the case of certain foods (milk, cassava, millet, nuts) and bacterial and chemical water pollutants. The mechanism by which the thyroid gland adapts to an insufficient iodine supply is to increase the trapping of iodide as well as the subsequent steps of the intrathyroidal metabolism of iodine leading to preferential synthesis and secretion of triiodotyronine (T3). They are triggered and maintained by increased secretion of TSH, which is ultimately responsible for the development of goiter. The acceleration of the main steps of iodine kinetics and the degree of hyperstimulation by TSH are much more marked in the pediatric age groups, including neonates, than in adults, and the development of goiter appears as an unfavorable side effect in the process of adaptation to iodine deficiency during growth. The most serious complication of iodine deficiency is endemic cretinism, a syndrome characterized by irreversible mental retardation together with either a predominant neurological syndrome or predominant hypothyroidism, or a combination of both syndromes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The disorders induced by iodine deficiency. 805 57


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