Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0917816 (mental retardation)
 15,867 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interactions between brain, psyche and thyroid are known from historical descriptions of thyroidectomy (Kocher) and hyperthyroidism. However, their importance is often underscored in clinical routine. Thyroid hormone deficiency during pregnancy may result in irreversible mental retardation and requires levothyroxine substitution. TSH screening after delivery must identify newborns with congenital hypothyroidism: An early levothyroxine substitution and long term therapy control are required. Hypothyroidism and depression have many symptoms in common. Cognitive deficits and depressive states are often found in overt hypothyroidism, psychotic derangements are rare. Levothyroxine improves hypothyroid symptoms and mental performance, mood and motivation. Psychic symptoms of hyperthyroidism include agitation, irritability, mood disturbances, hyperactivity, anxiousness and even panic attacks. Manic and delusional states are rare. In geriatric patients hyperthyroidism may be oligosymptomatic. In psychiatric patients more frequent but unspecific disturbances of thyroid laboratory values being reversible without specific therapy have to be distinguished from rather rare but causative organic thyroid diseases with therapeutic consequences. Some psychiatric drugs influence thyroid laboratory results. Hypothyroidism in depressive patients is a negative prognostic parameter and requires therapy. Psychiatric symptoms associated with hypothyroidism are usually reversible under levothyroxine within 4-8 weeks. The standard for hypothyroidism is mono-levothyroxine therapy.
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PMID:[Interactions between brain, psyche and thyroid]. 1905 95

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome, or cerebral hemiatrophy, is a pre- or perinatally acquired entity characterized by predominantly neurologic symptoms, such as seizures, facial asymmetry, contralateral hemiplegia, and mental retardation. Psychiatric symptoms are rarely reported. We report the first case of left cerebral hemiatrophy and a late onset of treatment-resistant schizoaffective disorder after a stressful life event. The patient finally responded well to clozapine. The clinical history and results from structural neuroimaging are highlighted to discuss the possible developmental bias for psychotic disorders.
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PMID:Treatment-refractory schizoaffective disorder in a patient with dyke-davidoff-masson syndrome. 1916 86

A crossectional field study was carried out in an urban slum in order to assess the prevalence and nature of mental morbidity and identify stressors in the community. A face to face interview was conducted with the help of a questionnaire. The interview consisted of three sections as follows: Data identifying the informant by age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, age at marriage, number of members, children and monthly income. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 5- item version used as a screening instrument to assess the present mental health status of the informant and data of past illnesses in self or family and questions framed to elicit perceptions regarding mental illness, alcoholism, their causation and treatment. The subjects who scored above 2 ie 3,4,and 5 in the GHQ were requested to follow up at the Mental Health OPD and subjected to a standardized psychiatric interview by a Psychiatrist. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Third Revised (DSM 3 R) criteria were used for diagnosis. After the interview and examination, the appropriate treatment was instituted. A total of 443 individuals were screened. The overall prevalence rate of mental illness in the community was 61 per thousand. It is estimated that the case rate ranges from 38 to 84 per thousand within 95% confidence limits. The overall severity ranged from mild to severe morbidity. The prevalence of severe mental morbidity which includes psychosis, depressive illness, mental retardation was 22.5 per thousand. Neurosis (63.31%) especially Major Depression and Adjustment disorder, Psychosis (10.00%), Somatization disorder (6.66%) and Psychiatric symptoms secondary to physical illness were the major groups of illness. Women were found to have more mental health problems than men. The morbidity pattern also differs significantly with the gender. Neurosis was seen more among the female subjects. There was a significant association of mental health problems with low educational status, unemployment and large family size. Financial problems, marital conflicts, interpersonal conflicts and housing problems were the major stressors as perceived by the respondents. There exists significant mental health problems in the community which can be due to deleterious sociocultural factors and we recommend the integration of mental health care with general health care.
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PMID:Epidemiological study of mental morbidity in an urban slum community in India for the development of a community mental health programme. 2344 88

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2 DS) is characterized by cardiac defects, abnormal facial features, thymic hypoplasia, cleft palate, and hypocalcemia, including DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), and conotruncal anomaly face (CTAF) syndrome. Psychiatric symptoms were recently shown to be very common in patients with 22q11.2 DS, prompting greater interest in this syndrome. Early diagnosis during childhood based on a con- stellation of physical features is optimal ; however, as some patients remain undiagnosed until the presentation of other symptoms in adult life, psychiatrists are well advised to familiarize themselves with basic information concerning 22q11.2 DS. A 25-year-old woman presenting with auditory hallucinations was referred to A hospital for examination and treatment. Her family history revealed both paternal and maternal rela- tives with schizophrenia. At birth, she presented a cleft palate and ventricular septum defect. She first became ambulatory at age 4 and became verbal a year later. Her intelligence quotient was estimated at around 40 and mental retardation (DSM-IV) with autistic features was diag- nosed at age 7. After graduating from a special high school, she obtained fulltime employment in a workshop. However, auditory hallucinations began disrupting her life from 22 years of age. Although olanzapine temporarily alleviated her symptoms, the resultant extrapyramidal symp- toms worsened and she was referred to A hospital again at age 25. The patient presented with micrognathia and a flat nasal root and spoke a maximum of 3 words per sentence in a very high and indistinct tone. A cardiac defect (ventricular septal defect), scoliosis, and low platelets were also observed. The diagnosis of 22qll.2 DS was confirmed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The patient and her family were subsequently introduced to a 22q11.2 DS patients' support group. Careful genetic counseling is paramount, but the diagnosis of 22q11.2 DS can make updated information, official aid, and access to support groups available to patients and their family. Emergency complications such as seizures due to hypocalcemia can also be anticipated. The comparatively late diagnosis of 22q11.2 DS in our patient, which went undetected until the presentation of auditory hallucinations, in the context of mental retardation with autis- tic features (DSM-IV) underscores the importance of detailed clinical observation. "One rare variant" possibly points out the essence of psychiatric pathophysiology. Moreover, 22q11.2 DS has been listed as an intractable disease in Japan since 2015. When patients present with neurodevelopmental disorders and schizophrenic symptoms, we should carefully observe their physical features for clues to the possible diagnosis of 22q11.2 DS.
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PMID:[An Adult Case of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome with Congenital Abnormalities and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Which Remained Undiagnosed Until Presentation of Auditory Hallucinations]. 3062 63