Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0917816 (mental retardation)
 15,867 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alagille's syndrome or arteriohepatic dysplasia has been described in Cuba in nine patients between nine months and 12 years of age (8 males and one female). Among the clinical features we found five major abnormalities: chronic cholestasis with neonatal jaundice (9/9), peculiar facies (9/9), peripheral pulmonary artery hypoplasia associated with cardiac murmur (6/9), butter-fly-like arch defects (4/9), and posterior embryotoxon (6/7). Two children had a severe xanthomatosis. Laparoscopy showed green hepatomegaly depending on the degree of cholestasis, and only one patient had incipient signs of micronodular cirrhosis. Liver histology showed a paucity of interlobular bile ducts. Survival was of 60%. One patient survived more than 30 years. Four patients died of liver carcinoma (unique report in infants), broncho-pneumonia, acute renal failure, and sudden death respectively. Among the minor features were mental retardation (5/9), a peculiar voice (3/9), growth retardation observed in some of our patients. This is the first report on Alagille's syndrome in Latin America, because so far reports have come only from Europe and North America.
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PMID:[Alagille's syndrome in Cuba. A report of 9 cases]. 134 Aug 42

Galactosemia in newborns and infants is associated with the following symptoms: jaundice, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, feeding difficulties, hypoglycemia, convulsions, lethargy, amino-aciduria, cataracts, hepatic cirrhosis, ascites, and mental retardation. If the preliminary evaluation indicates galactosemia, there is high risk for E. coli sepsis and death. Strong consideration should therefore be given for early antibiotic therapy in infants with suspected galactosemia in spite of the absence of clinical signs or symptoms of sepsis.
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PMID:Association of Escherichia coli sepsis and galactosemia in neonates. 156 28

The purpose of the study was differential diagnosis of lactic acidosis in 44 children aged from 2 weeks to 4 years. In all of them the lactate level in repeated determinations exceeded 27 mg/100 ml. From the point of view of clinical manifestations the children were divided into three groups: 26 with hepatomegaly and hypoglycaemia (I), 6 with ataxia and retardation of somatic development (II), 12 with mental retardation and muscular hypotonia (III). Together with basic biochemical studies other tests were done, if necessary, including glucose and alanine loading, lactate determination in cerebrospinal fluid, analysis of urinary organic acids by the GC-MS method, morphological examinations of muscle biopsy material, enzymatic determinations in liver biopsy material. In group I glycogenosis was suspected and its type was finally established after biochemical and enzymatic tests (types I, Ib, III, VI, VIa, XI). In one case fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency was suspected. In group II the clinical manifestations resembled Leigh's syndrome. The tests demonstrated an inhibition of glucose formation from alanine, and lactate level in the cerebrospinal fluid was evidently raised above that in the serum. Gasometric index showed the presence of respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation rather than primary lactate acidosis. In group III, with considerable clinical variety of signs, in only nine out of 12 children the cause of lactate acidosis could have been established (pathological changes of mitochondria in 4 cases, secondary increase of lactate without pathogenetic importance in 4, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acidosis in 1 case. In conclusion it is thought that this combination of diagnostic methods is useful in differential diagnosis of congenital lactate acidosis in children.
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PMID:Congenital lactic acidosis in children--differential diagnosis in 44 cases. 184 18

A 33 year old woman with mental deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa, obesity, and parental consanguinity (heredity) was diagnosed as having Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome. She also had diabetes mellitus, slight hepatic dysfunction, and hepatomegaly. Liver biopsy showed perilobular fibrosis and bile duct proliferation with cystic dilatation; these findings are consistent with those of congenital hepatic fibrosis.
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PMID:Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome accompanied by congenital hepatic fibrosis. 210

Three patients affected by infantile Refsum disease are described with mental retardation, minor facial dysmorphia, chorioretinopathy, sensorineural hearing deficit, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive and hypocholesterolaemia. Initially, only an accumulation of phytanic acid was thought to be present. More recent findings showed a biochemical profile very similar to that found in classical Zellweger syndrome or neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Morphologically typical peroxisomes were absent in the liver. All three disorders are associated with multiple peroxisomal dysfunction. Because of these similarities pertinent clinical data of our three patients are compared with those of reported patients diagnosed as having infantile Refsum disease, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy or Zellweger syndrome who survived for several years. Attention is drawn to the difference in severity of clinical features, ranging from infantile Refsum's disease to neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and, finally, to Zellweger syndrome.
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PMID:Infantile Refsum disease: an inherited peroxisomal disorder. Comparison with Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. 244 76

Three cases of phytanic acid storage disease with symptoms during the first months of life are reported. Hepatomegaly, facial dysmorphia, growth and/or mental retardation and osteopenia were observed in addition to retinitis pigmentosa and neurosensory deafness. The presence of phytanic acid in serum (160-320 mumol/1 (50-100 micrograms/ml)) was accompanied by hypocholesterolaemia. Electron microscopy showed that a storage material had accumulated in mesenchymal and parenchymal liver cells. Lamellar structures were seen in hepatocytes and other storing cells. These inclusions resembled the structures found in plant chloroplasts containing phytol. Some of the clinical and biological data obtained were consistent with Refsum's disease. However, other characteristics such as mental retardation, hepatomegaly, osteopenia, hypocholesterolaemia and hypoalphalipoproteinaemia, as well as the ultrastructural findings in the liver, suggested that our patients' illness was either a phytanic acid storage disease different from the classical form of Refsum's disease, or a more severe early symptomatic form of Refsum's disease. Early diagnosis by phytanic acid assay and electron microscopic liver examination calls for prescription of a low phytanate diet in the hope of improving the child's condition.
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PMID:Infantile phytanic acid storage disease, a possible variant of Refsum's disease: three cases, including ultrastructural studies of the liver. 618 82

Two unrelated 16-year-old boys had mental retardation, cardiomegaly, and proximal myopathy. One also had hepatomegaly. Histochemistry and electronmicroscopy of muscle biopsies showed lysosomal glycogen storage resembling acid maltase deficiency. Biochemical studies of skeletal muscle showed increased content of glycogen of normal structure; acid alpha-glucosidase activity in both urine and muscle was normal. Other enzymes of glycogen metabolism were also normal. The cause of this apparently generalized glycogenosis with no demonstrable enzyme defect is unknown.
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PMID:Lysosomal glycogen storage disease with normal acid maltase. 645 Mar 34

Golabi and Rosen (1984) have reported on a new X-linked mental retardation/multiple congenital anomalies (XLMR/MCA) syndrome of pre- and postnatal overgrowth, characteristic "coarse" facial appearance with macrostomia, midline groove of tongue, lower alveolar ridge and lip, submucous cleft of palate, supernumerary nipples, intestinal anomalies, supernumerary pair of ribs, anomalies of sacrum and tailbone, hypoplastic index fingernails, postaxial polydactyly and other digital anomalies. This was an incompletely recessive trait with some manifestations evident in an obligatory carrier. Here we report on a second family (studied at the University of Wisconsin for over 9 years) in which 3 males born to half-sisters and their mother were affected with the Golabi-Rosen syndrome (GRS). Overgrowth was not a prominent manifestation in these affected males. Presence of cystic kidneys, peculiar skin changes and hepatomegaly make it likely that the Golabi-Rosen syndrome is an X-linked MCA/dysplasia/MR syndrome. Its metabolic basis remains unknown. It seems to be an incompletely recessive trait.
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PMID:The Golabi-Rosen syndrome--report of a second family. 653 56

We report three families with five cases of sphingomyelinase (SMase) deficiency, early neurovisceral symptomatology, and a conspicuously protracted course (7-22 years) in contrast to the characteristic acute, rapidly lethal course in classical type A cases. Most of the visceral symptoms were hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, with numerous foam cells in the bone marrow, some of them containing ceroid (sea-blue histiocytes). Histochemical and chemical biopsy studies (liver, skin, bone marrow) revealed macrophage and epithelial sphingomyelinosis and profound SMase deficiency. The dominant neurological symptoms in three of the cases included extrapyramidal involvement, marked mental deficiency, and cherry red spots in the fundus oculi of all the 5 cases. There was, however, a striking variability in the clinical signs in three siblings. The first of them, a girl, died at 7 years from purely visceral involvement with massive affection of the lungs. Despite the absence of clinically detectable, neurological symptomatology there was discrete regional neuronal storage in the brain. Her two younger brothers are still alive. The elder one (22 years) has been reduced to complete neurological invalidism while his younger brother (18 years) has no demonstrable neurological changes, and enjoys normal social integration. Symptomatologically, he is difficult to distinguish from type B, especially from its rare variants with retinal involvement. The discussion is devoted to differences between types A and B of the SMase deficiency and to the neurological symptomatology apparently independent of the gene dose in the three siblings.
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PMID:Niemann-Pick disease (variation in the sphingomyelinase deficient group). Neurovisceral phenotype (A) with an abnormally protracted clinical course and variable expression of neurological symptomatology in three siblings. 662 53

This report describes two siblings, male and female, with a distinctive hereditary hepatorenal disorder. Review of the literature indicates that 11 cases have been reported outside the United States. The condition may first develop from early infancy to adolescence, and it is characterized in the great majority of instances by clinically severe renal disease. At some time in the course of the disease, hepatomegaly is present in all patients, and splenomegaly is common. Additional lesions and other abnormalities, including retinal lesions, mental retardation, cerebellar and osseous abnormalities, have been reported in some patients. Histologically, the renal lesion resembles nephronophthisis, and the hepatic lesion resembles congenital hepatic fibrosis. Mortality (due to the renal disease) is very high, and the longest-surviving patient was 14 years old at the time of death.
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PMID:"Nephronophthisis-congenital hepatic fibrosis": an additional hepatorenal disorder. 710 36


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