Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0917816 (mental retardation)
 15,867 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

N,N-dimethiltryptamine (DMT) in urine has been quantified on an 83-psychiatric patient sample. Sample covered patients who had sometimes been administered neuroleptic drugs as well as patients with some particular symptomatology associated to psychotic disorders such as hallucinations, delusions, perception disorders, etc. 43.3% (36 cases) evidenced an abnormally high DMT in urine (0.9-13.5 mcg/24 h). Higher values were more frequently found in both schizophrenic patients, and non-schizophrenic patients with either hallucinations, delusions, anorexia or bulimia. Most patients with DMT normal values (< 0.5 mcg/24 h) presented either mental retardation, cerebral atrophy or dysrhythmias. A very good correlation was found between urinary DMT abnormally high values, and patients' improvement after such patients had been treated with neuroleptic drugs.
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PMID:[Elimination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine by urine]. 790 22

Structured direct interviews of 43 adults with mental retardation were conducted to evaluate how they express grief and deal with loss. In addition, 100 providers, social workers, and clergy were surveyed to assess their views of how adults with mental retardation cope and respond during a grief situation. Adults with moderate to severe mental retardation display grief responses similar to all adults: a mixture of sadness, anger, anxiety, confusion, and pain. Individuals continue to experience emotional turmoil 1 year beyond the initial death and personal loss. Caregivers and professionals were mixed on how long a grief reaction continues before it can be viewed as dysfunctional. Intense behaviors, such as self-injury, were noted by respondents in 10-15% of grief reactions. Ability to "feel" or display emotional behavior during grief is not contingent only on a conceptual level. Common reactions include a depressive response (crying, fatigue, sleep disruption, loss of appetite) of moderate intensity. Adults with significant mental retardation verbalized an understanding of the irreversibility of death, and their responses reflect personal beliefs as well. An unknown group of these adults may have been exhibiting a depressive disorder.
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PMID:Grief in adults with mental retardation: preliminary findings. 821 Jun 8

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of methylphenidate (0.4 mg/kgday) and different doses of fenfluramine (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mg/g/day) in children with mental retardation or borderline IQ and ADHD was conducted. Parents, teachers, examiners, and physicians rated the children. There were relatively few significant drug effects by condition. When the optimal fenfluramine dose for each child was compared with placebo and methylphenidate, significant improvements occurred for fenfluramine on several parent and teacher subscales; teachers rated the children as somewhat improved with methylphenidate. The highest dose of fenfluramine produced more behavior compliance but apparently at the cost of cognitive efficiency. Most side effects (drowsiness, dizziness, anorexia) occurred with fenfluramine. Both drugs appear to be effective treatments for children with ADHD and mental retardation, although there is a possible neurotoxic action with fenfluramine. We recommend a gradual phase-in of fenfluramine dosage, up to 1.5 mg/kg/day, for most children.
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PMID:Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and borderline IQ: clinical effects. 908 8

BACKGROUND: Psychoacoustics is a fascinating developing field concerned with the evaluation of the hearing sensation as an outcome of a sound or speech stimulus. Neuroaudiology with electrophysiologic testing, records the electrical activity of the auditory pathways, extending from the 8th cranial nerve up to the cortical auditory centers as a result of external auditory stimuli. Central Auditory Processing Disorders may co-exist with mental disorders and complicate diagnosis and outcome. DESIGN: A MEDLINE search was conducted to search for papers concerning the association between Central Auditory Processing Disorders and mental disorders. The research focused on the diagnostic methods providing the inter-connection of various mental disorders and central auditory deficits. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The medline research revealed 564 papers when using the keywords 'auditory deficits' and 'mental disorders'. 79 papers were referring specifically to Central Auditory Processing Disorders in connection with mental disorders. 175 papers were related to Schizophrenia, 126 to learning disabilities, 29 to Parkinson's disease, 88 to dyslexia and 39 to Alzheimer's disease. Assessment of the Central Auditory System is carried out through a great variety of tests that fall into two main categories: psychoacoustic and electrophysiologic testing. Different specialties are involved in the diagnosis and management of Central Auditory Processing Disorders as well as the mental disorders that may co-exist with them. As a result it is essential that they are all aware of the possibilities in diagnostic procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable evidence exists that mental disorders may correlate with CAPD and this correlation could be revealed through psychoacoustics and neuroaudiology. Mental disorders that relate to Central Auditory Processing Disorders are: Schizophrenia, attention deficit disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning disabilities, dyslexia, depression, auditory hallucinations, Parkinson's disease, alcoholism, anorexia and childhood mental retardation. Clinical awareness should be high in order for doctors of the two specialties, psychiatry and otorhinolaryngology-audiology to collaborate.
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PMID:Contribution of psychoacoustics and neuroaudiology in revealing correlation of mental disorders with central auditory processing disorders. 1279 8

(1) Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (Dravet's syndrome) is associated with multiple seizures and progressive onset of mental retardation. Available antiepileptics (valproic acid and clonazepam/clobazam) are only partially effective, even when used in combination. (2) Stiripentol is intended to be added to the valproate + clobazam combination when the latter is ineffective. (3) In a two-month double-blind trial, 9 of 21 infants remained seizure-free when stiripentol was added to the valproate-clobazam combination, whereas all 20 infants receiving a placebo instead of stiripentol continued to have seizures. (4) Two follow-up studies lasting two and three years and involving 37 and 46 children showed that about 20% of patients had a major benefit (fewer seizures) when stiripentol was added to inadequately effective valproate-clobazam combination therapy. The possible impact of stiripentol on psychomotor development is unknown. Stiripentol was only moderately effective in adolescents. (5) Stiripentol has common and sometimes serious adverse effects such as loss of appetite (with ensuing weight loss), drowsiness and insomnia. Stiripentol inhibits several cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, including CYP 3A4, creating a high risk of interactions, especially with co-administered antiepileptics. (6) The stiripentol dose strengths currently available in France are unsuitable for infants weighing less than 10 kg. (7) In practice, given the severity of this type of myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, the addition of stiripentol to ongoing but ineffective valproate-clobazam combination therapy is justified, even though the treatment is somewhat difficult to manage and has not yet been fully evaluated.
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PMID:Stiripentol: new preparation. Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy: promising. 1587 42

Symptoms of fecal impaction extend from constipation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, to full blown sepsis. We present the case of a patient with cerebral palsy and mental retardation, who presented to the Emergency Department with a 3-day history of diffuse abdominal pain and fecal incontinence. Evaluation revealed severe fecal impaction. The patient developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), with negative workup for underlying etiology. He responded well to digital disimpaction and antibiotics. Our case illustrates the serious sequelae of fecal impaction, which should be considered in patients with neurologic disorders and SIRS.
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PMID:Fecal impaction and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in a young male with cerebral palsy. 1671 17

Objective: Postoperative management of children having cerebral palsy (CP) with mental retardation is difficult. This report presents a case of severe CP with mental retardation, which resulted in anorexia and condylar fracture of the femur following a surgery for bilateral lower limb joint contracture. Case report: A 14-year-old male was diagnosed with CP having severity of Gross Motor Functional Classification System Level V, and severe mental retardation. Due to bilateral spasticity in hip adduction, knee flexion, and valgus of the feet, tenotomies of the adductors of both hips, bilateral lengthening of the hamstrings and bilateral tenotomy of the peroneal tendons were performed. At 4 weeks postoperatively, knee casts were used; thereafter, knee extension braces were attached for 12 weeks. After surgery, he showed severe anorexia for 8 weeks and weight loss of 8.8 kg (from 35.2 kg to 26.4 kg) during the 4 months of hospitalization. Six months postoperatively, he was diagnosed with supracondylar fracture of the right femur. Discussion: Severe CP with mental retardation requires attention to the physical symptoms caused by stress related to the hospitalization, surgery, fixation by casts, and braces. Moreover, care must be taken not to increase the risk of fracture by fixation or immobility of the postoperative cast, because it can lead to the progression of low bone mineral density.
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PMID:Anorexia and supracondylar fracture of the femur following surgery for bilateral lower limb joint contracture in a case of severe cerebral palsy with mental retardation: a case report. 3119 76