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Query: UMLS:C0917816 (mental retardation)
 15,867 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present paper reviews most of the research on mental retardation in Norway, published in 1970-1980. An important part of this work is represented by Hole's reports of experimental phenylketonuria (PKU) in the rat and studies on peptides and protein-associated peptide complexes in mental disturbances, including experimental studies of effects on brain function and behavior of a peptide fraction (factor 3 b 2). Among studies on diseases with mental retardation, are determinations of arylsulphatase A in cultured amniotic fluid cells and in amniotic fluid as measures of prenatal diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy, reports on screening disorders of tyrosine metabolism and the occurrence of positive dye test in blind children and patients with physical and mental handicaps. Further, studies on the effects of antiepileptics on immunoglobulins are reported. In the fields of social medicine, psychology and psychiatry, only few studies have been published in international journals. Brief reports on Norwegian articles comprise studies on work and disability, social and psychological handicaps in special school pupils, psychosis in mental retardation, and some efforts to design psychological treatment programs for the mentally retarded. The majority of research on mental retardation or with relevance to this field in Norway, has either been supported by the Norwegian Council for Research on Mental Retardation, or the Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities. Based on annual reports of these councils, and correspondence to centers involved in such research, we have collected reports published in the period 1970 to 1980. We have also received unpublished reports, but have chosen not to include most of them in this review, because of the difficulties for the readers to obtain these reports. The institutional and noninstitutional services for the mentally retarded in Norway have no formal connection with university or other research institutes. Nevertheless, most of the research papers have been submitted from such institutes. Most of the reports traced are in the fields of basic neurobiology, medicine, and psychology, and will be dealt with under these headings.
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PMID:Research on mental retardation in Norway 1970-1980: a review. 635 79

A case of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in a mildly mentally retarded adult female is described. The clinical features, natural history and response to treatment were typical of the condition but the association with mental retardation, epilepsy and psychotic phenomena were unusual.
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PMID:Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in mental handicap. 642 5

Know what is not epilepsy! An electroencephalographer can do much more damage by overinterpreting than by underinterpreting an EEG tracing. Epilepsy is a clinical, not an EEG, diagnosis, but the EEG, when used appropriately, can greatly aid the diagnostic process. Use activating techniques such as hyperventilation, photic stimulation, and natural sleep. Take advantage of seizures in the laboratory--this is a unique opportunity to make a diagnosis. If the ictal event is not accompanied by an EEG abnormality, and pseudoseizures are suspected, remember that patients with hysterical epilepsy often have real seizures as well. Use the EEG to help differentiate between generalized and partial epileptic conditions, and to identify benign epileptic syndromes. These diagnoses have important prognostic and therapeutic implications. The EEG can help determine whether a patient is deteriorating due to increased seizure activity (undermedicated) or increased side effects (overmedicated). Postictal slowing must be differentiated from progressive or drug induced changes. The best candidates for resective surgical therapy are otherwise healthy young adults with medically intractable partial complex seizures, no psychosis, and unilateral or bilaterally independent interictal anterior temporal EEG spike foci. Patients with multifocal or bilaterally synchronous interictal EEG spikes combined with mental retardation are less likely to benefit from resective surgery, although they may be helped by corpus callosum section.
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PMID:A practical guide for routine EEG studies in epilepsy. 644 70

The adult type of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) occurred in a 49-year-old man and his 51-year-old sister. They showed episodic stuporous and psychotic states, mental retardation, generalized convulsions, and ichthyosis vulgaris. At autopsy the woman had excessive accumulation of lipofuscin throughout the CNS. The degree of neuronal lipopigment accumulation was very severe in the neurons of the thalamus, substantia nigra, inferior olivary nuclei, motor nuclei of the brain stem, and cerebral cortex. Mental symptoms, such as stupor, excitement, hallucinations, and delusions, were the predominant clinical manifestations and so were misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Though the clinical diagnosis of the adult type of NCL (Kufs' disease) is difficult because of its wide variety of manifestations, symptoms such as episodic psychotic and stuporous states accompanied by convulsive disorders with mild neurologic signs may be an indication of this disease.
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PMID:Familial occurrence of adult-type neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. 647 18

One hundred and fifty male patients with mental retardation of unknown origin were studied cytogenetically. Six patients (4%) were marker X-positive. All these index cases were found in a subgroup of patients with no dysmorphic features, significant neurological findings or childhood psychosis. In this subgroup the frequency was 8.8%. One of the index cases had a family history suggestive of X-linked mental retardation, four had retarded 1st degree relatives and one had no family history of mental retardation.
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PMID:Marker X-associated mental retardation. A study of 150 retarded males. 657 74

A study of patients registered in the adolescent rooms of the psychoneurological outpatient centres of two districts of Moscow showed that the structure of psychic pathology of this population is characterized by a greater proportion, as compared with children, of psychotic forms, with non-psychotic psychic diseases and mental retardation still occupying the leading place. Almost one-third of patients (largely those with non-psychotic forms of psychogenic and exogenous-organic nature and a superficial level of disturbances observed) have good prognosis in terms of their cure including the discarding off the record in the relevant dispensary. Activation of extrahospital forms of care including improvement of the microsocial environment is required.
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PMID:[Analysis of a population of adolescents with mental disorders]. 665 90

One hundred and twenty patients presenting for admission to a state psychiatric hospital were randomly allocated into two groups. Control patients received standard hospital care and after-care. Experimental patients were not admitted if this could be avoided; instead they and their relatives were provided with comprehensive community treatment and a 24-hour crisis service. Patients with a primary diagnosis of alcohol or drug dependence, organic brain disorder or mental retardation were excluded. Most patients were suffering from psychotic disorders--more than half specifically from schizophrenia. During the 12 months study period 96% of the control patients were admitted--51% more than once. Of the experimental patients 60% were not admitted at all and only 8% were admitted more than once. Control patients spent an average of 53.5 days in psychiatric hospital, experimental patients spent an average of 8.4 days. Community treatment did not increase the burden upon the community, was considered to be significantly more satisfactory and helpful by patients and their relatives, achieved a clinically superior outcome, and cost less than standard care and after-care. The ingredients differentiating comprehensive community-based care from prevailing methods of psychiatric care are discussed.
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PMID:Community orientated treatment compared to psychiatric hospital orientated treatment. 674 Mar 35

The literature on the correlation of epilepsy and psychosis is reviewed briefly. The terms "forced normalization" and "alternative psychosis" and further the risk factors in the genesis of psychosis in epilepsy are underlined with special emphasis on childhood and adolescence. Furthermore the case of a girl aged 16.7 years is reported. This girl developed blinking fits at the age of 7 years and in 1978 at the age of 16 paranoid-hallucinatory symptoms with temporarily increasing paroxysmal potentials in the EEG following an initial depressive phase. Phenytoin and Valproate was administered. The psychotic and epileptic symptoms diminished with simultaneous amelioration of the EEG. After discharge a neuroleptic medication was added temporarily due to slight exacerbation of the psychotic symptoms. Finally risk factors of psychosis in epilepsy are considered with special respect of mental retardation and age of the patient.
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PMID:[Coincidence of epilepsy and psychosis in a 16-year old female patient (author's transl)]. 677 84

Twenty-seven infantile autistic children, nine children with other kinds of childhood psychoses, 23 children with mental retardation, and 16 normal children were examined with computerized tomography of the brain. Gross abnormalities were seen in 26% of the autism cases. It was also estimated that about the same proportion of a total population of infantile autistic children show gross changes of CT brain scan. Abnormalities in the region of the frontal horns of the ventricular system tended to be more common in the psychosis groups than in the normal group. Clear-cut right occipital protuberation was rather common in the small group of other psychoses cases but was only marginally more common in the autism than in the normal group. Evans' ratio was significantly higher in all three abnormal groups than in the normal group.
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PMID:Childhood psychosis and computed tomographic brain scan findings. 685 37

Clinicogenetic assessment of a family whose six members proved to be carriers of an identical pathological trait allowed the delineation of the clinical picture of the hereditary disease described. Its major components include congenital cranial and facial abnormalities, malformed extremities characteristic of acrocephalosyndactyly, and a progressive pattern of psychic disturbances and higher cortical dysfunctions arising in old age. The first to come are increasing acoustic agnosia and disconnected delusions (stage of psychotic disorders) which are followed by progressive overall mental retardation with concomitant deactualization and disappearance of delusional feelings (stage of dementia). It has been suggested that cases of this kind make up a new (viz., the sixth) type of acrocephalosyndactyly with an autosomal dominant pattern of hereditary transmission. The mutant gene appears to be pleiotropic and characterized by complete penetrance and slightly varying expressivity.
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PMID:[Acrocephaly, cranial asymmetry, brachydactyly, syndactyly, progressive senile dementia--a new type of acrocephalosyndactyly?]. 688 Apr 96


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