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Query: UMLS:C0917816 (mental retardation)
 15,867 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifty infants and young preschool children seen in a pediatric developmental service and diagnosed as having "autism" all had evidence of organic disease of the brain and three fourths had mental deficiency of varying degrees. They did not differ in any respect from a comparison group of patients with central nervous system dysfunction unassociated with the symptom complex of autism. Both groups of patients had a high incidence of low birthweight, complications of pregnancy and the neonatal period, seizure disorders, and a variety of specific disease entities associated with developmental defects. Follow-up of 40 of the 45 survivors for a mean of five years showed that none of the patients had had treatment directed to their psychotic symptoms. However, three fourths had established social responses appropriate to their level of function; those who did not generally were over 3 years of age at the time of their first examination or had initial DQs of 35 or less. The degree of mental deficiency was as great or greater at follow-up than it was initially.
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PMID:Some etiologic and prognostic factors in early infantile autism and psychosis. 4 57

Evaluated 55 mentally retarded psychotic adults with the Color-Form Preference Test, a developmentally based index of cognitive style, and other measures of intellectual, social, and psychiatric functioning. Results indicated that different grades of retardation were associated with distinct cognitive styles, which showed a systematic progression that corresponded to the normal developmental sequence. In contrast, no significant relationships were observed between cognitive style and psychotic manifestations. The findings suggested that fresh insights into mental retardation and psychosis are made possible by qualitative, developmental assessment. The implications for clinical application, theory formulation, and research were discussed.
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PMID:Developmental assessment of cognitive style in mentally retarded psychotics. 33 49

1) Of 267 patients with epilepsy who were examined in our clinic during the period between 1964 and 1966, 97 were investigated in a 10-year follow-up study. The patients were selected according to the following criteria: the age of onset of seizures was 10 years or older and the follow-up period was 10 years after the onset of seizures. Of the 97 patients, 36 were followed up by mail. 2) In the adult 10-year follow-up study, seizures disappeared in 43.3%, decreased in 34.0%, remained unchanged in 16.5%, and were aggravated in 6.2% of the 97 patients. Comparing the five-year follow-up study with the present study, the rate of cases which were free of seizures for three years was 22.7% in the five-year study and 43.3% in this study. The seizures were controlled for at least three years in 22.9% of the cases with partial seizure and in 63.3% of the cases with generalized seizure. The worst prognoses were found in cases with versive seizure in which the seizure was unchanged and/or aggravated in 4 (44.4%) of 9 cases. Of 16 cases with psychomotor seizure, 25% were unchanged or aggravated. 3) Comparing the impaired consciousness seizure with the psychomotor seizure, there was a tendency for the psychomotor seizures to remain as a single type of partial seizure, while the impaired consciousness seizure tended to develop easily into a secondarily generalized seizure. 4) Of the 97 patients, three were personality disorders in 19 cases (19.6%), episodic psychotic state in 2 cases (2.1%), and mental retardation in 6 cases (6.2%). Disorders of mood, irritability and explosiveness associated with personality disorders were improved in three of six cases whose seizures disappeared. Personality disorders were found in half of those cases with partial complex seizures. No correlation was found between mental symptoms and the prognosis of seizures. 5) The EEG was improved in 15 (27.8%) of a total of 54 cases, unchanged in 35 (64.8%) and aggravated in 4 (7.4%). In comparing the prognosis of clinical seizure with changes in the EEG, the seizures improved in 40 (74.1%) of the cases, whereas the EEG improved in only 15 (27.8%) of 54 cases. Most of the clinical seizures were controlled or decreased, whether the EEG improved or not.
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PMID:A 10-year follow-up study of 97 epileptics. 47 91

This study was conducted to compare DSM-II and DSM-III in the diagnosis of childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Twenty psychiatrist-raters completed standardized diagnostic questionnaires for 24 actual case histories. This report, the first of four, presents the rater agreement with the "expected diagnosis," ie, the diagnosis that we considered most appropriate for each case. The average rater agreement with the expected diagnosis was less than 50%. It was highest in cases of mental retardation, psychosis, hyperactivity, and conduct disorder. In only five cases did the most common diagnosis of the raters differ from the expected diagnosis. Analyses of these cases and those we selected to present specific diagnostic problems to the raters have produced suggestions to improve the reliability of DSM-III.
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PMID:A comparison of DSM-II and DSM-III in the diagnosis of childhood psychiatric disorders. I. Agreement with expected diagnosis. 48 78

A case-history format was utilized to compare interrater agreement on childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders, using DSM-II and DSM-III. The average interrater agreement was 57% for DSM-II and 54% for axis I (clinical psychiatric syndrome) of DSM-III. There was high agreement in both systems on cases of psychosis, conduct disorder, hyperactivity, and mental retardation, with DSM-III appearing slightly better. There was noteworthy interrater disagreement in both systems for "anxiety" disorders, complex cases, and in the subtyping of depression. Overall, the reliability of DSM-III appears to be good and is comparable with that of DSM-II and other classification systems of childhood psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:A comparison of DSM-II and DSM-III in the diagnosis of childhood psychiatric disorders. II. Interrater agreement. 48 79

Folk concepts for mental disorder were studied among rural Lao people. While predominatly inferring etiology (e.g. spirit-caused disorder), certain terms also emphasized particular descriptive psychopathology or behavioral abnormality. Preventive strategies were stressed for insanity due to "excessive worry' or "broken taboo'. These broad folk categories of disorder bore considerable similarity to some psychiatric and neurologic categories within medicine. These includes psychosis, mania, neurosis, organic brain syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and childhood autism. Lao folk terms for mental disorder also closely resembled those of other southern Asian cultures, although illiterate tribal peoples appeared to have fewer terms than literate peasant peoples. Folk terms from more distant regions had broad similarity to those of southeast Asia, but lacked the specificity found within the region.
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PMID:Folk concepts of mental disorder among the Lao: continuities with similar concepts in other cultures and in psychiatry. 52 21

Social class and the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual II Diagnosis were examined for all patients contracting the Department of Psychiatry over a year at a large county hospital. This sample was primarily lower class -50 per cent Class V and 33 per cent in Class IV. All diagnoses showed average class between IV and V. Organic brain syndrome, both psychiatric and non-psychotic, and mental retardation had lower average social class than other diagnoses. A small sample of the diagnosis behaviour disorder of childhood and adolescence was also lower than other diagnoses. Class V patients with mental malfunction may present differently than patients from other social classes. The absence of differences on neurosis and functional psychosis may have been due to the predominance of lower class patients, diagnosticians more familiar with lower class patients, or the allowable choice of diagnoses.
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PMID:Social class and psychiatric diagnosis: differential findings in a lower-class sample. 65 66

Fifty girls who were arrested in Boston on a charge of running away and their parents were studied via psychiatric interviews, rating schedules and psychotherapeutic data. There was an absence of psychosis and mental retardation in this group. A diversity of factors leading to running away episodes were elicited. Sexual factors were common. Family disturbances were usually found, reflecting in part the urban areas from which this group came. The girls showed a remarkable uniformity of behavior while on the run. Treatment of the whole family was often necessary for success in dealing with the runaway problem. The importance of intervention promptly is demonstrated by the associated self-destructive behavior of the girls, the frequency of severe family disturbances and the later histories of these youngsters.
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PMID:What makes adolescent girls flee from their homes? An analysis of 50 such girls studied at Boston Juvenile Court. 71 87

The authors studied 100 mentally retarded children referred to a psychiatric clinic and found that 39 were hyperactive. However, there was no significant relationship between hyperactivity and mental retardation (with or without psychosis) or brain damage. Comparison with a group of nonretarded children revealed no significant difference regarding hyperactivity, thus suggesting that the disorder is not an inevitable concomitant of mental retardation.
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PMID:Psychopathology and mental retardation: a statistical study of 100 mentally retarded children treated at a psychiatric clinic: II. hyperactivity. 84 30

The mortality in mental illness has been studied after an average follow-up period of 3-4 decades in a material of 5661 former in-patients of the Psychiatric University Hospital of Lausanne (Switzerland), from which 3520 probands were dead at the date of reference. By use of an improved method, the calculations showed in all diagnostic groups, and generally more marked in women than in men, a 1,34 to 9,72 times higher mortality than in the general population, increasing in the following order: head injuries, psychogenic and psychopathic disorders, manic syndromes, schizophrenia, depressions, mental retardation, alcoholisme, other psychosis, epilepsy, general paralysis, other cerebro-organic conditions. Several possible explanations of these results are discussed.
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PMID:[Comparative study of long-term mortality in the mentally ill]. 98 72


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