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Query: UMLS:C0917801 (insomnia)
 10,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sleep is affected in depression; insomnia is common, sleep of normal duration and hypersomnia less common. All-night studies have shown changes of the two types of sleep. Deep non-REM sleep is abolished during the course of the illness and sometimes also after remission. Paradoxical sleep, which may be reduced or increased in duration, starts sooner after the onset of sleep. According to Kupfler, ease of production of that sleep is specific to primary depression, unipolar or bipolar. A possible relationship between paradoxical sleep and certain types of depression is suggested by the fact that the tricyclic and MAOI antidepressant drugs and lithium reduce or suppress that sleep. Finally, deprivation of paradoxical sleep by repeated waking during the night has been put forward as a form of treatment. Despite the heterogeneous nature of depression, findings at present which show paradoxical sleep pressure provide a pathophysiological basis for the biological problems posed.
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PMID:[Depression and sleep (author's transl)]. 4 63

All night sleep EEG, EKG, and respiration were recorded from six young men during 2 nights at sea level and 4 nonconsecutive nights at high altitude (14.110 ft., 4301 m). Sleep at high altitude was chraacterized initially by a significant decrease in Stages 3 and 4, a significant increase in the number of arousals, and a trend towards more time spent awake. In terms of actual time spent sleep, however, a relatively good night's sleep was obtained, which suggests that the objective sleep disturbance was not commensurate with the marked subjective complaints of sleeplessness. Periodic respiration during sleep was frequent at high altitude, was quickly terminated by oxygen administration, was not clearly related to the increased number of arousals, and usually was not seen during REM periods. Heart rate was increased during sleep at high altitude. All measures tended to return towards sea level means during 12 days at altitude. We suggest that the marked increase in the number of arousals may account for the disparity between the subjective reports and objective measures of sleep disturbance at high altitude. Although the objective sleep disruption is probably related in some fashion to hypoxemia, it is unclear whether hypoxemia itself or the alkalosis commonly present shortly after arrival at altitude is the major factor.
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PMID:Sleep physiology at high altitude. 5 Jan 71

The stability of sleep was examined in two kinds of induced insomnia, namely after caffeine administration and after hypnotic drug withdrawal. The duration of each episode of any one sleep stage or any episode of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness was determined. After caffeine there was an increase in longer episodes of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness, but no significant change in the episode duration of any of the sleep stages. In the case of drug withdrawal there was no change in the episode duration of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness, but there was a significant shortening of episode duration in sleep stages 2 and 3+4, with a similar trend for REM sleep episodes. Caffeine 'insomnia' thus seems characterized by increased stability of wakefulness, and hypnotic withdrawal 'insomnia' by decreased stability fo sleep. The type of analysis undertaken in this study could increase understanding of other types of insomnia.
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PMID:Two types of insomnia: too much waking or not enough sleep. 16 68

The aim of this paper is to examine if a disturbance of slow-wave sleep may partly account for the imbalance between waking and sleep observed in insomnia. 40 normal subjects and 40 insomniacs were recorded in the laboratory. No direct interregulation appeared between total sleep and REM sleep on one hand, and between slow-wave sleep and REM sleep on the other. Slow-wave sleep, however, was linked to the waking-sleep imbalance, as low values of stages 3 and 4 were statistically associated with low total sleep duration. The reduction of slow-wave sleep could not merely be attributed to an increased pressure of wakefulness. Our results indicate that it represents probably a disturbance in itself, perhaps related in some cases to a precocious senescence of sleep, but do not account alone for all sleep disturbances.
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PMID:Is insomnia a disease of slow-wave sleep? 18 67

Seda-Kneipp a compound preparation of valerian and hops was given to sleep disturbed subjects during the second or third of three consecutive nights disturbed by heavy traffic noise. Prior drug administration reduced the noise induced disturbance of sleep stage patterns: slow-wave sleep and stage REM increased. It is recommended that the initial treatment of severe insomnia by "strong" sleeping pills should be followed by a period during which "weak" sleeping pills are given before the drug administration finally is discontinued.
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PMID:[Experimental studies of the effects of Seda-Kneipp on the sleep of sleep disturbed subjects; implications for the treatment of different sleep disturbances (author's transl)]. 19 67

The effect of p-CPA and 5-HTP followed by p-CPA on sleep was studied in rats with olfactory bulb lesions (O.B. lesioned rats). In these rats, electrodes were chronically implanted to record the EEG (frontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus), the cervical electromyogram and eye movements. The REM sleep stage was selectively decreased from 24 to 32 hours after 200 mg/kg of p-CPA in the sham lesioned rats, whereas both the slow wave sleep and REM sleep stages were markedly decreased by the same dose of p-CPA in the O.B. lesioned rats. In both sham and O.B. lesioned groups, the slow wave sleep and REM sleep stages decreased from 24 to 32 hours after 400 mg/kg of p-CPA and the percentage of decrease in the slow wave sleep stage was much larger with 400 mg/kg of p-CPA than with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of p-CPA. In the O.B. lesioned rats, the insomnia produced by 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of p-CPA disappeared with 5-HTP (5 mg/kg). On the other hand, the insomnia produced by 200 mg/kg of p-CPA did not recur with 5-HTP in the sham lesioned rats, but with 400 mg/kg there was a recurrence. These results suggest that the enhanced effect of p-CPA and 5-HTP followed by p-CPA in the O.B. lesioned rats is due to changes in the sensitivity of the serotonergic system in the brain.
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PMID:Effects of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) on sleep in olfactory bulb lesioned rats. 19 73

Sleep is a vital human physiologic process. Insomnia can be caused by obsession and depression states, pain, or worry over everyday problems. Because of their pharmacologic action, alcohol and high doses of soporifics used as remedies may produce REM-deficit sleep and actually prolong insomnia. If the true cause of sleeplessness is not recognized and properly treated, insomnia may develop into a severe sleep problem. Since benzodiazepines and chloral hydrate do not suppress REM sleep, they are the medications of choice in the therapy for insomnia.
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PMID:Insomnia and the physiology of sleep. 20 31

Experimental sleep disturbance (model insomnia) was produced by intermittent white noise and the administration of 10 mg of methylphenidate (MPD). The effects of flurazepam (FZP) 15 mg and triazolam (TZM) 0.25 mg on these models was investigated. All night sleep polygraphy was performed on 8 normal male subjects under each of the following 9 conditions: baseline, TZM 0.25 mg, FZP 15 mg, white noise alone, noise and TZM, noise and FZP, MPD alone, MPD and TZM, and MPD and FZP. A reduction in total sleep time and stage were (S-REM) and an increase in the wakening stage were observed with both noise and MPD. Stage 4 sleep was reduced only by MPD. Administration of TZM or EZP did not cause any significant change in sleep parameters. These drugs in combination with noise or MPD resulted in almost complete recovery of the sleep disturbance induced by noise or MPD, except for a reduction in S-REM. These results indicate that model insomnia, particularly MPD insomnia, will assist in the evaluation of hypnotic drugs.
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PMID:Model insomnia, noise, and methylphenidate, used for the evaluation of hypnotic drugs. 20 23

A preliminary report is presented on the sleep patterns of three combat fatigued patients with recurrent nightmares, insomnia, low frustration thresholds and impotence. All the patients had undergone acute partial sleep deprivation prior to their breakdown. The results show severe deficiency in REM sleep and absence of stage 4 sleep. EMG was usually high with numerous body movements and bursts of tachycardia throughout the night. Nightmares occurred in stage 2. Total effective sleep time was between 129' and 250'. Most of the sleep was in stage 2, and patients woke up with the feeling that "they had not slept at all." It is hypothesized that acute partial sleep deprivation prior to breakdown was an important predisposing factor, and that chronic partial sleep deprivation was a constant aggravating factor of combat fatigue. Replacement therapy for the specific deficient sleep states is proposed.
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PMID:Sleep patterns in three acute combat fatigue cases. 20 80

The sleep patterns of four male chronic schizophrenic patients were monitored throughout the various phases of a 1-year therapeutic trial with loxapine succinate, a newly developed neuroleptic. Compared with the initial drug-free baseline, the early drug period was characterized by an increase in REM percentage, REM density, and REM activity. During the drug maintenance period, the increase in REM phasic events was accompanied by an increase in total sleep. Severe insomnia was noted during the initial period of drug withdrawal. The absence of time lag between changes in drug administration schedule and the associated alterations in sleep patterns was in contrast with the time latency of the therapeutic response. This neuroleptic on sleep and on psychopathology are mediated by different mechanisms.
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PMID:Effects of loxapine on the sleep of chronic schizophrenics. 22 86


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