Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0917801 (insomnia)
 10,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Treatment was interrupted abruptly in 6 hypertensive patients receiving clonidine 0-45-5-4 mg daily. Blood-pressure rose to pretreatment levels within 24-48 h of withdrawal and was accompanied by insomnia, headache, flushing, sweating, and apprehension. These symptoms began 18-20 h after the last dose of clonidine. Plasma-noradrenaline levels and urinary catecholamine excretion increased 24-72 h after withdrawal of clonidine. The subjective symptoms were most prominent in patients on higher doses (greater than 1 mg/day) and in those who had previously been receiving treatment with other antihypertensive drugs. One patient on a very low daily dose (0-15 mg) of clonidine had no symptoms and no significant changes in blood-pressure or catecholamine production after drug withdrawal.
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PMID:Clonidine withdrawal in hypertension. Changes in blood-pressure and plasma and urinary noradrenaline. 6 74

Pentazocine (Talwin) originally was believed to be a safe, nonaddictive analgesic, but further experience has shown that severe mental and emotional disturbance, as well as addiction, may occur. This survey documents the experience in the Texas Medical Center and elsewhere. The accumulated data show the following: (1) Depressive states are reported most frequently, while toxic psychoses, hallucinogenic reactions with panic, and paranoid states on withdrawal of the drug are less frequent. (2) Of the 197 cases of addiction reported to date, only six were related to oral use of the drug. The abstinence syndrome is mild, consisting usually of restlessness, nausea, cramps, and insomnia. (3) Convulsions have been reported on four occasions. Euphoria and psychotomimetic effects may relate to rapid release of noradrenaline and dopamine. Oral use of the drug is advised to avoid euphoriant effects and addiction, and physicians should alert patients to report unusual visual phenomena. Tranquilizers are of value in cases of severe reactions.
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PMID:Mental and emotional disturbance with pentazocine (Talwin) use. 115 70

The therapeutic efficacy and target symptoms of maprotiline were tested by administering it in addition to conventional neuroleptic treatment for 10 weeks to a total of 32 chronic schizophrenic patients who showed no, or only partial, response to the neuroleptic medication. The final global improvement rating was 68.8% for all patients. Average therapeutic doses administered were 150 mg per day. Changes in psychotic symptoms were assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Psychiatric Evaluating scale (PES), and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). All mean improvement rates of these rating scales were observed at the 2nd week after the start of treatment, and maprotiline produced a marked amelioration in negative symptoms such as decreased spontaneity, blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, impaired work or recreation, etc. The incidence of side-effects was 37.5%. Constipation was the most frequently occurring side-effect. Neither side-effects nor laboratory test results were serious enough to discontinue the trial, except in the case of one chronic patient who showed acute exacerbation of symptoms due to maprotiline-induced insomnia, elation and hallucination. These results suggest that maprotiline improves the negative symptoms of schizophrenia by a noradrenaline potentiating action not demonstrated by dopaminergic or serotonergic reward systems.
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PMID:Effect of maprotiline combined with conventional neuroleptics against negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. 257 Jun 87

During depression, chronobiological disorders occur, such as disturbances in body temperature and early urinary excretion of a noradrenaline metabolite. Sleep patterns are disturbed in 90% of depressed patients; early REM sleep and shortened slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4), resulting in an increase in REM sleep, have been observed. Thus, an increase in REM sleep may be an indication of depression. Chronic insomnia is characterised by irregular sleep behaviour, an anxious attitude to sleep and increased cognition before sleep onset. Patients with this disorder can be divided into those with a disturbed ultradian rhythm (less than 2 REM-NREM cycles) and those with regular sleep structure (greater than 2 REM-NREM cycles). Most antidepressants reduce REM sleep, an effect evident from day 1 of administration. Trimipramine is an exception in that it has antidepressant and sedative effects without modifying REM sleep, and it possesses a different pharmacodynamic profile. Trimipramine is effective in depressed patients with chronobiological disorders such as chronic insomnia, although its mechanism of action is not fully understood.
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PMID:Depression, circadian rhythms and trimipramine. 269 50

Many centrally acting drugs which are prescribed for hypertension, depression, epilepsy, insomnia and asthma may also affect fetal brain neurotransmission and behavioral states. Nearly all these drugs enter the fetal circulation following maternal administration. The immaturity of the blood-brain barrier and greater accumulation in the developing brain make the fetal brain a major target of its mother's medication. Adverse effects that are seen in the fetus are not necessarily evident in its mother. We have shown that drugs like clonidine (an antihypertensive) and clomipramine (an antidepressant), which act on noradrenaline and serotonin neurotransmission in the brain, suppress rapid eye movement sleep in the developing rat. In adulthood, the neonatally treated rats showed hyperactivity, hyperanxiety, reduced sexual behavior, disturbed sleep patterns and reduced cerebral cortical size. Furthermore, such treatment induced an increase in voluntary alcohol consumption and a decreased adaptability of responses to changes in water deprivation in a Y-maze. Little is known about long-lasting consequences of centrally acting drugs used during late gestation in humans. Minor neurological disturbances, such as delayed visual motor performance, smaller head circumference, increased anxiety and disturbed sleep-wake patterns, have been reported in children born to hypertensive mothers treated with clonidine or alpha-methyl-dopa.
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PMID:Neurochemical and electrophysiological disturbances mediate developmental behavioral alterations produced by medicines. 287 4

The author evaluated the stressing effect of higher grade specialty examinations in internal medicine in 128 doctors who had attended a three-month specialty course. As compared with the control period, in conjunction with the specialty examination the following findings were recorded: a highly significantly increased elimination of adrenaline (to 417%) and noradrenaline (to 342%), a significant increase of both blood pressures (BPs to 111% and BPd to 110%) and of the heart rate (to 123.5%), as to the subjective condition, some sensations--nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, fear etc. with manifestations of "somatization" (e.g. urgency of urination, bowel movements etc.)--were significantly more marked. It was thus revealed that the specialty examination is an important stressing stimulus, psychic manifestations of the stress being more frequent in women as compared with men. It was found that the intensity of stress affects the part of the examination involving tests in writing, while it does not affect the verbal part of the examination.
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PMID:Stress during the postgradual specialty examinations of medical doctors in internal medicine. 359 33

In an attempt to examine chronic effects of toluene on sleep, spontaneous locomotor activity and drinking behavior, rats were repeatedly administered toluene i.p. at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 consecutive days. The 200-mg/kg injections induced a decrease in total sleep on Day 1, an increase in locomotor activity on Days 1 through 4 and an increase in drinking activity on Days 0 through 6 after discontinuation of the daily injections. Both the reduced sleep and the increased locomotor activity appeared during the light period, whereas the drinking activity increased during the dark period. In order to find neurochemical correlates of the toluene-induced changes in behavior, regional concentrations of brain monoamines and their metabolites were determined. The toluene-induced partial insomnia and hyperactivity were associated with lowered concentrations of serotonin in frontal cortex, hippocampus and midbrain and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in midbrain and hypothalamus. The increased drinking activity was associated with increased concentrations of striatal 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid and hypothalamic noradrenaline and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol. Central monoaminergic mechanisms were implicated in the toluene-induced partial insomnia, hyperactivity and hyperdipsia.
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PMID:Partial insomnia, hyperactivity and hyperdipsia induced by repeated administration of toluene in rats: their relation to brain monoamine metabolism. 406 Jan 73

In 6 women with depressive symptoms aged 55-65 years the effect on the excretion of urinary metabolits of noradrenaline and dopamine was measured after a monotherapy with the active hypericine complex (Psychotonin M). In all patients there was a significant increase in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglucol which is considered an expression of a beginning antidepressive reaction. With the same patients supplemented with further 9 cases the clinical influence on the depression was measured during a period of 4-6 weeks, with the rating-scales SCAG (Clinical assessment geriatric scale) and DSI (Depression Status Inventory) there was shown a quantitative improvement of the items anxiety, dysphoric mood, loss of interest, hypersomnia, anorexia, depression regularly worse in the morning, insomnia, obstipation, psychomotoric retardation and feeling of worthlessness.
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PMID:[Antidepressive effect of a Hypericum extract standardized to an active hypericine complex. Biochemical and clinical studies]. 654 28

A limitation of clonidine therapy is the syndrome of rebound hypertension and sympathetic overactivity after withdrawal. Ten patients, four male, six female, aged 28--64 years, with essential hypertension, were treated for one year with an imidazoline derivative, tiamenidine. Blood pressure fell from an average of 178/108 mm Hg pretreatment to 152/86 mm Hg after 1 year. Tiamenidine was then withdrawn in hospital, replaced by identical placebo under single blind conditions and observations made over 96 h. The study was interrupted in five patients (4 patients within 36 h) because blood pressure rose to greater than 30 mm Hg (systolic) or greater than 20 mm Hg (diastolic) above pretreatment values. For the group, blood pressure was maximal at 194/112 mm Hg, 18 h post withdrawal, significantly higher than pretreatment (p less than 0.005). Headache, tremor, flushing and insomnia were noted. Saliva production rose 100% at 24 h. Plasma noradrenaline rose within 24 h with an accompanying rise in urinary metanephrine and catecholamine excretion. Tiamenidine appears to share with other imidazolines rebound cardiovascular and autonomic effects following abrupt withdrawal.
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PMID:Changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and sympathetic activity on abrupt withdrawal of tiamenidine (HOE 440) in essential hypertension. 746 Oct 12

The discovery of the presynaptic histamine H3 receptors confirmed the idea that histamine is a neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. The H3 receptors (autoreceptors) regulate the release and synthesis of histamine. The H3 receptors also modulate the other neurotransmitters (heteroreceptors). Subclasses of H3 antagonist binding sites were found in the brain (H3A and H3B). The regulation of noradrenaline release is reported to be mediated by H3A rather than H3B. The H3 binding site belongs to the class of receptors coupled to G-proteins. Besides the molecular data, this review focuses on the functional roles of H3 receptors in the brain and discusses the possible use of H3 ligands for neurobehavioral disorders. The pharmacological data of H3 ligands may provide clinical candidates for CNS disorders in which histamine plays important roles in mental and behavioral functions. Especially, H3 antagonists may be useful for CNS disorders such as narcolepsy, dementia, epilepsy, and obesity, while H3 agonists may provide for anxiety, insomnia, migraine. However, these suggestions are still preliminary and further clinical research is needed, although potent and safe novel H3 ligands are being developed.
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PMID:[Possible roles of brain histamine H3 receptors and the pharmacology of its ligands]. 779 25


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