Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0917801 (insomnia)
 10,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hypnotic effects of l-tryptophan (1 g), secobarbital (100 mg), and flurazepam (30 mg), relative to placebo, were evaluated in a sample of 54 outpatient chronic insomniacs with a major complaint of sleep maintenance insomnia. Three mutually exclusive complaints about sleep maintenance were identified. Analysis of the data from the tryptophan condition indicated that the single factor type of sleep maintenance complaint accounted for 100% of the variance in a measure reflecting a single overall assessment of tryptophan's hypnotic effect, and 52% of variance in a second, repeated measure assessing subjects' day-to-day experience with the treatment. It is concluded that the distinctions in sleep maintenance insomnia identified are likely to be clinically meaningful. The distinct profiles of the tryptophan responders and nonresponders are described, and the utility of the distinctions in understanding the differential effects of flurazepam and secobarbital discussed. The implications of the finding for a number of sleep disorder-related issues were addressed.
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PMID:Selectivity in response to L-tryptophan among insomniac subjects: a preliminary report. 635 23

The effects of a single injection of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 mg/kg i.p.) on sleep, motor activity and consummatory behavior were investigated in unrestrained rats which were continuously recorded with telemetric techniques on two control days and six drug days. Slow wave sleep (SWS) was defined as the non-REM sleep (NREMS) fraction with a low predominant EEG frequency. In the 24 h following PCPA administration, motor activity and food intake were reduced and sleep was increased. SWS was massively enhanced, while REM sleep (REMS) was depressed. The initial phase of sedation was followed by a phase of partial insomnia lasting 1-2 days. SWS and REMS were particularly depressed. A rebound phenomenon was observed at the end of recovery period when some of the SWS and REMS values exceeded the control level. The administration of tryptophan (Trp, 150 mg/kg i.p.) 28 h after PCPA pretreatment, causing a significant rise in the brain serotonin (5-HT) concentration, produced a temporary increase in SWS and REMS, and a reduction of motor activity. The experiments show that the depression of SWS and REMS, and the hyperactivity 1-2 days after PCPA administration, are a consequence of the reduced 5-HT level, whereas the involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in the initial sedative phase and in the recovery phase is less clear. The persistence of the daily distribution of sleep and activity, and of the specific pattern of SWS and REMS, indicates that the circadian sleep organization is little affected by 5-HT depletion.
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PMID:Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine and tryptophan on sleep, EEG and motor activity in the rat. 645 88

Over the past 20 yr, 40 controlled studies have been described concerning the effects of L-tryptophan on human sleepiness and/or sleep. The weight of evidence indicates that L-tryptophan in doses of 1 g or more produces an increase in rated subjective sleepiness and a decrease in sleep latency (time to sleep). There are less firm data suggesting that L-tryptophan may have additional effects such as decrease in total wakefulness and/or increase in sleep time. Best results (in terms of positive effects on sleep or sleepiness) have been found in subjects with mild insomnia, or in normal subjects reporting a longer-than-average sleep latency. Mixed or negative results occur in entirely normal subjects--who are not appropriate subjects since there is "no room for improvement". Mixed results are also reported in severe insomniacs and in patients with serious medical or psychiatric illness.
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PMID:Effects of L-tryptophan on sleepiness and on sleep. 676 27

The effects of placebo, L-tryptophan 3 g, and chloral hydrate 500 mg on sleep were studied in 19 nonpsychotic, mildly demented, geriatric inpatients. Only chloral hydrate was more effective in inducing and maintaining sleep than placebo. Neither chloral hydrate not L-tryptophan had any significant side effects, but withdrawal of chloral hydrate was associated with insomnia.
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PMID:Efficacy and side effects of chloral hydrate and tryptophan as sleeping aids in psychogeriatric patients. 700 32

Interval therapy is the concept of intermittent applications with drug-free intervals, based on the observation that in many cases L-tryptophan has the best effects on disturbed sleep during the drug-free interval after-short-term application. This concept was formulated as an experimental hypothesis to be tested in the sleep laboratory in a predictive, double-blind design, comparing a 4-night placebo period following repetitive 3 X 2 g L-tryptophan application with baseline. All patients, severe chronic insomniacs, 5 males and 3 females (mean age 38.4 years) improved significantly at the predefined level of 0.05. Analyses of the polygraphic recordings proved highly significant sleep improvements in the parameters that are indicators of insomnia. No side effects were seen. It can be concluded that the interval therapy with L-tryptophan is a potent treatment for chronic primary insomnia.
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PMID:Interval therapy with L-tryptophan in severe chronic insomniacs. A predictive laboratory study. 703 60

Healthy sleeping habits is a complex balance between behaviour, environment and circadian rhythm. The quality of sleep can be improved by behaviour, e.g. eating tryptophan and carbohydrate rich foods, physical exercise in the afternoon or a cold shower just before going to bed. Total sleep time is maximal in thermoneutrality and decreases above and below the thermoneutrality zone. Thermoneutrality is reached for an environmental temperature of 30-32 degrees C without night clothing or of 16-19 degrees with a pyjama and at least one sheet. Noise also modifies sleep structure and above 50dB shortens total sleeping time. Although subjects do become subjectively accustomed to noise, vegetative cardiovascular reactivity to environmental noise remains unchanged. The spontaneous circadian awake/sleep cycle is 25 hours, slightly longer than the body temperature cycle, but when subjects are exposed to environmental synchronization, the two cycles coincide. In individuals undergoing temporal isolation, the two rhythms become independent often leading to subjective discomfort and fatigue. Certain factors including age can favour internal desynchronization. Other factors may include social contact, stress due to mental work load, and constant lighting which could lengthen the awake/sleep cycle. Caffeine blocks the receptors of adenosine, and thus its effects of inhibiting neurotransmission. Intake 30 to 60 minutes before sleeping shortens total sleep time and increases the duration of stage 2 and shortens stage 3 and 4. Alcohol may act as a relaxing, sedative agent when consumed just before sleeping but can also lead to night-time awakening due to sympathetic activation which does not return to baseline levels until the blood alcohol levels have returned to 0. Nicotine has a biphasic effect on sleep: at low concentrations, it leads to relaxation and sedation and at high concentrations inhibits sleep. A careful study of sleeping habits is the first step in evaluating complains of insomnia or hypersomnia. Before relying on drugs, treatment should start with attention to the sleep environment and personal habits.
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PMID:[Prevention and treatment of sleep disorders through regulation] of sleeping habits]. 802 26

Small ischemic vascular lesions or hemorrhages provide a pathological model useful for the study of sleep disturbances in human due to lesions in the pontine tegmentum. We present 7 patients, 4 men and 3 women, with severe insomnia and hallucinations due to small vascular lesions of the pontine tegmentum. Nocturnal-sleep and/or 24-h polygraphic studies were done on all patients, as were neurophysiological and image studies; pathological studies were performed in one patient. Insomnia affected both non-REM and REM sleep, appeared in the acute phase and tended to improve with time. The patients tolerated insomnia with no serious effects on general health. Insomnia was not affected by administration of L-tryptophan with or without carbidopa. Hallucinations were mainly visual, but were also auditory in 2 cases; they were unrelated to the occurrence of normal or dissociated REM sleep. Imaging studies, and autopsy in 1 case, revealed damage to the pontis centralis caudalis and pontis centralis oralis nuclei, which appeared to be responsible for insomnia. The relationship between visual and/or auditory hallucinations and sleep disturbances remain speculative.
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PMID:[Insomnia and hallucinations caused by vascular lesions of the pontine]. 781

Thirteen patients diagnosed during two menstrual cycles as suffering from late luteal phase dysphoric disorder were then followed in an open pilot study for a further three cycles. During one complete cycle, baseline levels of symptoms were obtained. During the next three cycles, the patients were treated with L-tryptophan, six grams per day. L-tryptophan treatment was associated with a significant amelioration of symptoms with only mild side effects. These data suggest that L-tryptophan should be tested at a dose of six grams of L-tryptophan per day in a placebo-controlled study in patients with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder who suffer from symptoms such as depression, irritability, insomnia and carbohydrate craving, which may respond to potentiation of serotonin function.
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PMID:Tryptophan in the treatment of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder: a pilot study. 820 63

We describe the long-term follow-up of two patients who experienced diffuse fasciitis and eosinophilia while ingesting L-tryptophan for treatment of insomnia. This is one of the first reports in the dermatologic literature of the long-term follow-up of eosinophilic fasciitis in association with L-tryptophan ingestion. Both patients fit the Centers for Disease Control's criteria for eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. The literature on the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome is reviewed.
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PMID:Long-term follow-up of patients with diffuse fasciitis and eosinophilia associated with L-tryptophan ingestion. 847 8

The results of stimulating human subjects with the LISS Cranial Stimulator (LCS) and the LISS Body Stimulator (LBS) include an increase or decrease in the activities of certain neurotransmitters and neurohormones and the reduction of associated pain, insomnia, depression, and spasticity. The effects were documented in human subjects with measurements of the serum concentration of the various agents and assessments of the symptoms being performed before and after stimulation. The stimulators had a carrier frequency of 15,000 hz, which utilizes the bulk capacitance of the body, and a 15 hz modulating bioactive frequency. The second modulating frequency presently used, 500 hz, reduces the energy input to the patient by half. Significant increases in levels of CSF serotonin and beta endorphin were recorded post stimulation. There were also elevations in the levels of plasma serotonin, beta endorphin, GABA and DHEA together with diminished levels of cortisol and tryptophan. Concomitant with these changes were significant improvements in the symptoms of pain, insomnia, spasticity, depression, and headache.
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PMID:Physiological and therapeutic effects of high frequency electrical pulses. 880 93


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