Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0917801 (insomnia)
 10,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The authors review the literature describing acute symptomatology produced by the gradual or abrupt withdrawal of heterocyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) and neuroleptics. 2. Withdrawal of heterocyclic antidepressants and antipsychotic agents causes similar symptomatology. Symptoms produced by the discontinuation of these drugs include nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgias, paresthesias, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. 3. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Prodromal symptoms are distinguished from the effects of neuroleptic withdrawal by a temporal relationship of the latter to reductions in the dosage or discontinuation of antipsychotic agents. 4. Withdrawal of MAOIs can result in severe anxiety, agitation, pressured speech, sleeplessness or drowsiness, hallucinations, delirium, and paranoid psychosis. 5. MAOI withdrawal phenomena resemble the symptoms produced by the discontinuation of chronically administered psychostimulants. 6. The capacity of MAOIs to exert amphetamine-like effects presynaptically and the propensity of somatic treatments for depression to subsensitize presynaptic receptors regulating the release of catecholamines provide a basis for the development of psychotic symptoms upon the withdrawal of MAOI. Evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed.
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PMID:Heterocyclic antidepressant, monoamine oxidase inhibitor and neuroleptic withdrawal phenomena. 196 71

The authors review the literature discribing non-dyskinetic antipsychotic withdrawal phenomena. Withdrawal of these agents can cause nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgia, paresthesia, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by increased anxiety, agitation, restlessness and insomnia, but the temporal relationship of these prodromal symptoms to reduction in the dosage or discontinuation of neuroleptics distinguishes them from the effects of abrupt withdrawal.
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PMID:Antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms: phenomenology and pathophysiology. 289 77

The literature describing nondyskinetic antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms is reviewed. The withdrawal of antipsychotic agents can result in nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgias, paresthesias, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by increased anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. However, the temporal relationship of these prodromal symptoms to reduction in the dosage or discontinuation of neuroleptics distinguishes them from the effects of abrupt withdrawal.
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PMID:Antipsychotic withdrawal phenomena in the medical-surgical setting. 290 18

According to the hypothesis implying that the main mechanism underlying opiate addiction is the blockade by opiates of NMDA receptor functions and subsequent upregulation and supersensitivity of the receptors, noncompetitive NMDA receptor blocker dextromethorphan (DM) has been successfully used in the heroin addict treatment. As the stimulation of NMDA receptors modulates the release of neurotransmitters and hormones such as NE, D, ACh, GH, LH, LSH, ACTH etc., all of which have been found responsible for the manifestation of abstinence syndrome signs including craving and neuronal death by excessive stimulation of NMDA receptors, the incomplete blockade of the NMDA receptors minimizes the intensity of the abstinence syndrome and provides the downregulation of the receptors. In the present study, tizanidine (TIZ), which inhibits the release of endogenous excitatory aminoacids by the agonistic activity on alpha 2-adrenoreceptors, was combined with DM to obtain further benefits. Forty-four male and three female heroin addicts were the subjects of the study. Their daily mean heroin intake was about 2.28 g street heroin. The main duration of heroin use was approximately 3.4 years. Two to three hours after abrupt withdrawal, the outpatients were given 15 mg DM every hour, 25 or 50 mg chlorpromazine (CPZ) + 4 mg TIZ every six hours and 10 mg diazepam + 10 mg hyoscine N-butyl Br + 250 mg dipyrone every six hours three hours following CPZ. The addicts were controlled twice a day. Yawning, rhinorrhea, perspiration, piloerection, restlessness, insomnia, emesis, diarrhea, craving, rejection of smoking and pupils were observed and/or questioned. Two of the 47 outpatients took heroin on the first days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The combination of tizanidine markedly improves the treatment with dextromethorphan of heroin addicted outpatients. 771 85

Perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis affect many million Americans and account for close to $2 billion annually in medical costs and lost productivity. The symptoms of allergic rhinitis, including sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and pruritus are, at best, very annoying and may be quite debilitating in some patients, causing irritability, insomnia, and fatigue. Moreover, allergic rhinitis is often not self-limiting and can contribute to serious medical complications such as sinusitis and otitis. Aggressive medical management of allergic rhinitis is important in the therapy for chronic sinusitis and otitis media and may prevent progression to more serious disease. Accurate diagnosis and initiation of environmental control measures to reduce exposure to causative factors should accompany initiation of pharmacotherapy. Antihistamines form the cornerstone of pharmacologic therapy, and use of the newer nonsedating antihistamines such as loratadine, terfenadine, and astemizole is not associated with the sedation produced by the classic antihistamines. Both loratadine and terfenadine are available in combination with a decongestant. Topical intranasal corticosteroids are another important component of pharmacologic management of allergic rhinitis. Allergen immunotherapy (hyposensitization) is used in those patients not adequately managed with pharmacotherapy. The relative safety and convenient dosing schedule of the newer medications should be accompanied by enhanced patient compliance and, hence, better control of allergic symptoms, halting progression of allergic rhinitis to serious medical complications.
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PMID:Treatment strategies designed to minimize medical complications of allergic rhinitis. 912 50

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of Claritin-D 24 Hour (once daily) with that of Claritin-D 12 Hour (twice daily) and placebo in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, 469 patients with moderate-to-severe SAR symptoms were treated for 2 weeks with one of the following: Claritin-D 24 Hour (a combination tablet formulation of loratadine 10 mg in the coating and pseudoephedrine sulfate 240 mg in an extended-release core), Claritin-D 12 Hour (a combination tablet formulation of loratadine 5 mg in the tablet coating and 120 mg pseudoephedrine sulfate, 60 mg in the coating and 60 mg in the core), or placebo. Claritin-D 24 Hour and Claritin-D 12 Hour were consistently superior to placebo (P < 0.01) in reducing total, nasal, and nonnasal symptom scores. Patients in the Claritin-D 24 Hour and Claritin-D 12 Hour groups also had significantly greater (P </= 0.05) relief of rhinorrhea and nasal stuffiness as compared with placebo. Insomnia was reported significantly more often (P < 0.01) in Claritin-D 12 Hour (15%) patients compared with Claritin-D 24 Hour (4%) and placebo (2%) patients. Dry mouth was reported significantly more often (P < 0.05) in Claritin-D 24 Hour (13%) and Claritin-D 12 Hour (13%) groups compared with placebo (4%). Claritin-D 24 Hour has efficacy comparable to Claritin-D 12 Hour in relieving allergic rhinitis symptoms while producing significantly less insomnia.
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PMID:Comparative efficacy and safety of once-daily versus twice-daily loratadine-pseudoephedrine combinations versus placebo in seasonal allergic rhinitis. 1009 66

Nonallergic rhinitis represents a non-IgE-mediated group of disorders that share the symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and/or postnasal discharge but not pruritus that characterizes allergic rhinitis. Nonallergic rhinitis may be divided into two broad categories, inflammatory and noninflammatory etiologies. The inflammatory causes include postinfectious (viral and bacterial), rhinitis associated with nasal polyps, and nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia, where eosinophils are present in nasal smears but skin testing for aeroallergens is negative. The noninflammatory causes include idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis (formerly referred to as vasomotor rhinitis or colloquially as an "overreactive nose"); rhinitis medicamentosa, which is medication-induced rhinitis; hormone related (pregnancy); systemic disease related (severe hypothyroidism); and structural defect related (deviated septum, head trauma causing cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea). The classic symptoms of idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis are nasal congestion, postnasal drip, and sneezing triggered by irritant odors, perfumes, wine, and weather changes. The diagnosis of rhinitis begins with a directed history and physical exam. Examination of the nasal cavity with attention to appearance of the septum and inferior turbinates is recommended. Skin testing for seasonal and perennial aeroallergens is helpful in establishing the presence or absence of IgE antibodies and to help differentiate nonallergic from allergic rhinitis. Topical H(1)-receptor antagonist (antihistamine) nasal sprays, intranasal steroids, intranasal anticholinergics, and oral decongestants are options for pharmacotherapy. It is important to inquire about hypertension, arrhythmias, insomnia, prostate hypertrophy, or glaucoma to prevent undesirable side effects associated with the oral decongestant pseudoephedrine.
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PMID:Chapter 6: Nonallergic rhinitis. 2279 79

A cross-sectional study was conducted with the elderly population in rural and urban areas characterized by the prevalence of morbidity and symptoms, and 229 elderly people were interviewed. The average age was 72.3, of which 57.2% lived in the rural zone and 56.3% were female. The morbidities most reported were insomnia (37.7%), anxiety (32.1%), depression (26.7%), and in the rural zone it was diabetes (13.3%). In this zone, Alzheimer's disease was more prevalent among the elderly who handled pesticides (21.7%). The most prevalent symptoms among urban zone residents were: cough/runny nose and sight alterations (41.2%), allergy/itching (11.4%). In the rural zone, dry mouth (25.4%), sight alterations (35.6%) and leg pain (66.1%) were also more prevalent among those who used pesticides. The inadequate use of Individual Protection Equipment was 85.4%, and 45.1% also disposed of pesticide packaging inappropriately. The setting up of public health programs is necessary to promote health among the elderly and the potential exposure to pesticides for this population should be seen as a health risk determinant.
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PMID:[The prevalence of morbidity and symptoms among the elderly: a comparative study between rural and urban areas]. 2367 Mar 80

Chaige Jieji Decoction recorded in Six Books of Exogenous Febrile Disease could be used to treat exterior syndrome due to wind-cold and heat caused by stagnation. The indications of Chaige Jieji Decoction include acute exogenous febrile diseases,such as influenza,upper respiratory tract infection,nosocomial infection; symptoms and signs,such as headache,eye pain,orbital pain,dizziness; fever,cold and hot exchanges; dry mouth,thirst,cold drinks,bitter mouth,dry throat; dry nose,stuffy nose,runny nose; poor appetite,silent appetite; strong neck,stiff back; insomnia,difficulty in sleeping; cough and sputum; abdominal pain,limb twitching;slightly torrent pulse. Disease involving all three Yang channels is very common in acute exogenous febrile diseases; the pathogenesis of exogenous diseases is quite different between cases in South China and North China. Most of the exogenous diseases in North China involves all three Yang channels. Disease involving all three Yang channels is the core of the pathogenesis of Chaige Jieji Decoction syndrome,in which headache is the key indications. Chaige Jieji Decoction can not only treat exogenous diseases,but also treat nosocomial infections in critically ill patients during hospitalization. Although Chaige Jieji Decoction,Xiaochaihu-Maxing Shigan Decoction,and Xiaochaihu-Daqinglong Decoction could be used to treat disease involving all three Yang channels,there are differences in indicators among them.
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PMID:[Exploration of Chaige Jieji Decoction formula syndromes based on severe cases of critical care and its application for acute exogenous fever and nosocomial infection]. 3187 18