Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0917801 (insomnia)
 10,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lorazepam (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg) was compared with pentobarbital (60 and 180 mg) for its effect on sleep in "hospital insomnia." Subjective-response data were collected by research nurses. Lorazepam was found to be a potent nighttime sedative: 1 to 1.25 mg of lorazepam is equivalent to 100 mg sodium pentobarbital for measures of sleep quality and duration. At this dose level it is less effective than 100 mg of pentobarbital as a sleep inducer. Studies at higher doses (up to 4 mg) indicate that lorazepam has a wide therapeutic index.
 ...
PMID:Lorazepam compared with pentobarbital for nighttime sedation. 0 Apr 24

The Wang Anxiety Rating Scale (WARS) was designed to evaluate degrees of anxiety in patients receiving anxiolytic medication. WARS contains 12 pertinent symptoms of anxiety: nervousness, restlessness, excitability, irritability, worrying, disturbed concentration, palpitation, insomnia, hostility, tremors, smoking, and excessive perspiration. Frequently encountered side effects of anxiolytic medications are excluded. The validity of the WARS was determined by correlation with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) in a single-blind study in which 20 chronically anxious patients consecutively received placebo (three days), 15 mg clorazepate dipotassium (two weeks), and 22.5 mg clorazepate dipotassium (two weeks). Both anxiety scales, a side effect scale, and a global assessment were completed at regular intervals (periods 0-6). Results show (1) highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between WARS and HARS for periods 1-6; (2) greater correlation between HARS and side effect scale than between WARS and side effect scale; (3) greater correlation between WARS and global assessment than between HARS and global assessment; correlated changes in scores for WARS, HARS, and global assessment demonstrate efficacy of active medication.
 ...
PMID:A brief anxiety rating scale in evaluating anxiolytics. 0 21

The hypnotic effect of a new triazolobenzodiazepine, triazolam (0.5 mg) and methyprylon was compared in 30 outpatient volunteers with insomnia using the preference technique. On the first night of the 2 night trial, triazolam or methyprylon was given on a double-blind basis and on the 2nd night the outpatients received the alternate medication. Following each trial night the patients were interviewed in regard to their sleep. Of the 28 patients who completed the study, 21 patients preferred triazolam, 5 preferred methyprylon and 2 had no preference (p = 0.001). Analysis of the various sleep parameters showed that triazolam helped the patients sleep more than methyprylon (p = 0.026), there were fewer awakenings on triazolam (p = 0.064), a longer duration of sleep (p = 0.064) and a better feeling in the a.m. (p = 0.020). The sleep onset was the same after both medications. The number and severity of the side effects was considerably higher after methyprylon.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of triazolam and methyprylon as a hypnotic in insomniacs. 0 2

A clinical study was carried out in 73 neoplastic patients suffering from anxiety and other emotional upsets to assess the effectiveness and tolerance of lorazepam. Patients were given individualised daily doses ranging from 1.5 mg to 3 mg lorazepam for 15 to 60 days. Results, as assessed by the response of anxiety, tension, erethism and insomnia, showed that only 4 (5%) patients failed to obtain some relief. There was complete disappearance of all symptoms in 29 (40%) after 15 days, relief of at least one major symptom and reduction in the others in 27 (37%), and slight reduction in one or more symptoms in 13 (18%) patients. Side-effects were minimal and disappeared within a few days with continued treatment.
 ...
PMID:Anxiety therapy in the neoplastic patient. 0 32

The effects of oral, bedtime triazolam 0.5 mg and flurazepam 30 mg, on the laboratory sleep of 12 insomniacs were compared in a double blind, crossover study. A 22 consecutive night schedule was used: Nts. 1--2 placebo; 3--6 first drug; 7--8 placebo; 9--14 no drugs; 15--16 placebo; 17--20 second drug; 21--22 placebo. In 6 Ss first drug was triazolam and second drug was flurazepam. In the other 6 Ss the drug order was reversed. Effects on sleep were assessed objectively by conventional EEG/EOG/EMG sleep recordings and subjectively by questionnaires administered each morning. Side or toxic effects were assessed by physical exams, clinical lab tests, and twice daily questionnaires. During their administration the two drugs were practically indistinguishable in their effects. Both significantly reduced objective and subjective measures of insomnia, such as total wake time and sleep latency. On discontinuation the drugs differentially affected sleep, e.g., on the first post flurazepam night total sleep time was significantly more than baseline whereas on first post triazolam night, total sleep time was significantly less than baseline. There were no remarkable side or toxic effects with either drug.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of the effects of flurazepam 30 mg and triazolam 0.5 mg on the sleep of insomniacs. 0 13

A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of heptabarbital [5-(1-cyclohepten-1-yl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid] in human plasma after administration of single therapeutic doses of the drug. It involves a single extraction step followed by gas chromatography with alkali flame ionization detection, and the results were linear in the concentration range 0.125 - 5.0 mug/ml plasma. The pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of heptabarbital and heptabarbital sodium were studied in a crossover design in 7 healthy volunteers after oral administration of 20 tablets containing 200 mg heptabarbital and hard gelatine capsules containing an equivalent amount of its sodium salt. Heptabarbital concentrations in plasma were determined at regular intervals. The absorption of heptabarbital from the tablets absorbed more rapidly and peak concentrations occurred between 1/3 and 2 h. In all cases the elimination of heptabarbital could be described by a single first-order process with an average half-life of 7.6 h (range 6.1 - 11.2 h). The half-life of the drug in each individual was about the same in the two trials. The relative bioavailability in each volunteer was estimated by comparing the areas under the plasma concentration curves. The sodium salt had an average bioavailability of 83% relative to the free acid. In some volunteers urinary excretion of unchanged heptabarbital was measured; cumulative excretion amounted to 0.16 - 0.30% of the administered dose. Four volunteers received one tablet each night for eight or ten days, but no accumulation was found. In three volunteers the half-life of the drug prior to and after these experiments did not change, whereas in the other volunteer the half-life decreased from 7.1 to 4.6 h. The possibility of enzyme induction should be considered when heptabarbital is taken regularly. It was concluded that heptabarbital was a suitable drug for the treatment of insomnia, since its half-life was rather short. Heptabarbital sodium may be used for induction of sleep, whereas Medomin tablets, i.e. heptabarbital free acid, may be prescribed when the maintenance of sleep is the primary reason for treatment with a hypnotic drug.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of heptabarbital and heptabarbital sodium after oral administration to man. 0 99

The classes of antihistaminic agents, their pharmacology and therapeutic uses, adverse effects, drug interactions, toxic overdoses and abuse are reviewed. It is concluded that antihistamines are valuable drugs for treating a number of conditions and diseases (e.g. allergic rhinitis, motion sickness and parkinsonism), but proof of efficacy has not been established for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, peptic ulcers, insomnia and headaches. Because responses to antihistamines may vary, titration of each patient's dose is recommended.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacology and therapeutic use of antihistamines. 1 85

To assess the potential hazards of flurazepam (Dalmane) therapy of insomnia in the elderly, the relation of dosage and patient age to the frequency of flurazepam-attributed adverse reactions was studied in 2,542 hospitalized medical patients. Adverse reactions, predominantly unwanted residual drowsiness, were reported in 78 flurazepam recipients (3.1%). None of the adverse reactions were serious. The frequency of reported toxicity increased with average daily dose, ranging from 1.3% among those receiving less than 15 mg/day to 12.3% at doses of 30 mg/day or more (p less than 0.001). Toxicity increased with age, progressively from 1.9% among those under 60 to 7.1% among those 80 or over (p less than 0.001). Unwanted effects of high-dose flurazepam were observed much more commonly in the elderly. Only 2.0% of those 70 years of age or older experienced adverse reactions at doses under 15 mg/day, as opposed to 39.0% at 30 mg or more per day. Low doses of flurazepam appear to be safe for elderly individuals, but they are susceptible to unwanted central nervous system depression at high doses.
 ...
PMID:Toxicity of high-dose flurazepam in the elderly. 1 61

Oxilorphan (levo-BC-2605) is a new, long-acting, narcotic antagonist that has agonist properties. Twenty-one (21) heroin addicts in Los Angeles were detoxified and given at least one oral dose of oxilorphan. Only three (14.3%) patients took daily doses for 14 days, which was the maximal time allowed for oxilorphan administration in this study. The remainder discontinued oxilorphan because of subjective side effects or for unknown reasons. Side effects most responsible for dropouts were dysphoria, insomnia, weakness, hallucinations, nausea, drowsiness and anorexia. Oxilorphan provided 24-hour protection with a single, oral dose, but subjective side effects encountered during inductiolinical trials with oxilorphan should be attempted with other addict populations to fully determine its potential therapeutic value.
 ...
PMID:Clinical trial in post-addicts with oxilorphan (levo-BC-2605): a new narcotic antagonist. 1 84

The safety and efficacy of 0.25 mg triazolam were compared to those of 15 mg flurazepam and placebo in 41 geriatric outpatients suffering from insomnia. The patients were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups. The medication was taken at bedtime for 28 days. Tolerance development was also studied. Triazolam was found to be significantly better than placebo in how much the medication helped the patients sleep, in sleep onset, in duration of sleep, number of nighttime awakenings, in quality (depth) of sleep, and in feeling of restfulness in the morning. Triazolam was significantly better than flurazepam in duration of sleep and was rated higher than flurazepam in all other variables. Flurazepam was significantly better than placebo in only two variables--onset of sleep and quality (depth) of sleep. Side effects were reported in each treatment group, and one patient on placebo discontinued because of side effects. There was no decrease in hypnotic effect over this four-week period, therefore, no evidence of tolerance development on either of the active compounds. Both active compounds provided the same amount of relief from insomnia after four weeks as they had after one week. Laboratory analyses and poststudy physical examinations showed no deleterious effects over the four-week period.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of triazolam, flurazepam, and placebo as hypnotics in geriatric patients with insomnia. 1 41


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>