Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0917801 (insomnia)
 10,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four of the most commonly reported side effects of dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine ) and methylphenidate (Ritalin), viz., anorexia, insomnia, stomach pains, and weight loss, were reviewed, with special attention to growth suppression accompanying weight loss. The available evidence indicates that the effects of insomnia, anorexia, and stomach pains are transient and diminish as treatment continues and as medication is properly managed. There is evidence for growth suppression accomapnying weight loss, and possibly some suppression of stature, but these effects are not long-lasting and, from existing evidence, seem to have little effect on adult height or weight.
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PMID:Side effects of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children--a brief review. 653 85

In 6 women with depressive symptoms aged 55-65 years the effect on the excretion of urinary metabolits of noradrenaline and dopamine was measured after a monotherapy with the active hypericine complex (Psychotonin M). In all patients there was a significant increase in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglucol which is considered an expression of a beginning antidepressive reaction. With the same patients supplemented with further 9 cases the clinical influence on the depression was measured during a period of 4-6 weeks, with the rating-scales SCAG (Clinical assessment geriatric scale) and DSI (Depression Status Inventory) there was shown a quantitative improvement of the items anxiety, dysphoric mood, loss of interest, hypersomnia, anorexia, depression regularly worse in the morning, insomnia, obstipation, psychomotoric retardation and feeling of worthlessness.
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PMID:[Antidepressive effect of a Hypericum extract standardized to an active hypericine complex. Biochemical and clinical studies]. 654 28

Praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a]++ +isoquinolin- 4-one, EMBAY 8440, Biltricide) has been used in 4853 patients with Opisthorchis viverrini infection. 786 patients were treated as inpatients with extensive clinical evaluation and the rest were out-patients. A cure rate (evaluated with 5 faecal samples) of 100% was obtained in groups given 6 X 25 mg/kg on 2 days and 3 X 25 mg/kg on 1 day, while in groups given 2 X 25 mg/kg, 1 X 25 mg/kg and 1 X 40 mg/kg all on 1 day the cure rates were 88, 44 and 91%, respectively. With one sample evaluation the parasitological cure rate was 96% in further 96 patients excreting the geometric mean (GM) of 5394 eggs per gram (EPG) and receiving 1 X 40 mg/kg. Another 68 patients with an egg output of 26044 (GM/EPG) and treated with 1 X 50 mg/kg showed a cure rate of 97% by similar evaluation. Side effects were mild and transient and were more frequent in higher dosage groups. They included anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, epigastric pain, rumbling in the abdomen, diarrhoea, lassitude, myalgia, headache, dizziness, sleeplessness, sleepiness, "hot sensation", shortness of breath, and skin rash in a few cases. Headache (30.7%) was most common in the 6 X 25 mg/kg group. In 53 patients with severe jaundice the side effects were similar. There was no evidence of toxicity. Remarkable was one patient treated with 1 X 50 mg/kg who expelled 5636 O. viverrini worms, most of which were elongated and damaged. When a single dose is prescribed it should be given at bed time to reduce the side effect of sedation.
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PMID:Opisthorchis viverrini: clinical experience with praziquantel in Hospital for Tropical Diseases. 654 86

Hypoxia causes severe disruption of both rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Experiments were performed on rats to determine if hypoxic insomnia is mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors and if normal sleep is restored during acclimatization to low O2. Novel methods were devised to measure distribution of amplitudes of cortical slow waves during NREM sleep and to detect REM sleep from the ratio of amplitudes of theta-to delta-frequency bands in the hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG). Acute exposure of rats to 10.5% O2 (5,030 m altitude equivalent) during daylight hours virtually abolished REM sleep and shifted the distribution of amplitudes of slow-wave sleep EEG toward awake values. Similar disruption of sleep occurred during inhalation of 0.05% CO with steady-state carboxyhemoglobin of approximately 35%. Respiratory rate and alveolar ventilation were greatly increased by 10.5% O2 but were unaffected by CO. Therefore, hypoxic disruption of sleep was not mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors regulating breathing. Partial recovery of sleep occurred after 1-2 wk of hypoxia, but both REM and NREM were still subnormal after 1 mo. Decreased intensity of NREM sleep during hypoxia, measured by amplitude of cortical slow waves, may explain the disparity between subjective complaints of insomnia at altitude and evaluations of sleep by direct observation or by conventional EEG. Loss of appetite, loss of weight, irritability, and other symptoms of altitude sickness may be related to hypoxic insomnia.
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PMID:Hypoxic insomnia: effects of carbon monoxide and acclimatization. 654 57

The data presented in this paper examine the frequent statements that the regular use of the drug qat by the people of North Yemen is harmful to their health. The research strategy employed performance of blind physical examinations as well as extensive interviews with 335 females and 371 males in and around the cities of Sanaa, Taiz and Hodeida who had been selected using a quota sample. The sample was classified into heavy, light and non-chewers of the qat plant, and systematic comparisons were made. In general, few diseases or conditions occurred with enough frequency to permit detailed analysis and fewer yet were associated with qat-use. Where associations occurred, differences by sex were often strong. Conditions most strongly associated with use by both sexes were histories of gastritis and insomnia, and the general body system groupings of gastrointestinal disorders. In males the strongest associations were with the histories of anorexia, constipation, insomnia and headaches, as well as the general history of respiratory difficulties. In females strong associations were seen between qat-use and the diagnosis of acute gastritis, and histories of jaundice, bronchitis and hepatic diseases. When effects of age and residence were corrected for by Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios on these items, some of the associations were diminished even further. In general, remarkably few of the allegations regarding the direct effects of qat-use on health by Western visitors to Yemen were supported by this study.
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PMID:A medical evaluation of the use of qat in North Yemen. 687 37

In summary, procainamide is a useful agent for suppressing premature depolarization frequency. Its short half-life of elimination requires a dosing frequency of every 3 hours with regular dosage forms or every 6-8 hours with a sustained action dosage. Because of the extreme unpredictability of plasma concentration, the dosage must be titrated in each patient with electrocardiographic monitoring serving as the most useful method of evaluating efficacy. Maximum and minimum plasma concentrations are helpful in monitoring the achievement of therapeutic plasma levels and adjusting the frequency of dosing, especially in the presence of impaired renal function or low cardiac output. Adverse effects of procainamide include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, insomnia, visual hallucinations, and disorientation; these are minor and cease with discontinuation of the drug. Agranulocytosis has rarely been reported. Long-term treatment has resulted in the occurrence of a lupus-like syndrome that is reversible when the drug is stopped. Procainamide is excreted in breast milk and infants of mothers receiving procainamide should not be nursed.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics of a sustained release procainamide preparation. 703 27

A prospective study of the emotional reaction to interval sterilization was conducted by means of interviews 1 week prior to sterilization and 7 months postoperative with 155 Buddhist Thai women aged 35 years or under, living in Bangkok, and undergoing interval laparoscopic sterilizations for socioeconomic indications. The mean age of subjects was 27.8 years, with a range of 19-35, mean duration of marriage was 8.0 years, and mean number of children was 2.8. 56.1% of the women were housewives, 77.0% had a low educational level, and 100% were of lower socioeconomic status. 65 subjects reported psychophysiologic and emotional symptoms prior to operation, 51 continued to complain of the symptoms 6 months later, and 10 women developed new symptoms postoperatively. In the preoperative interviews, 26 women complained of irritability, 25 of headache and backache, 10 of weakness and lethargy, 11 of giddiness or fainting, 5 each of palpitation and breathing difficulty, 8 of insomnia, 4 each of anorexia and gastrointestinal upset, and 3 of other conditions. Of the 10 women developing symptoms postoperatively, 6 complained of irritability, 5 of headache, 3 of insomnia, and 1 each of weakness and lethargy, giddiness or fainting, and anorexia. Irritability and headache, which accounted for most of the symptoms, were mostly mild and few required medication. Further psychiatric investigation into personal backgrounds of subjects with psychophysiologic or emotional symptoms revealed that practically all had concurrent problems with their marriages, children, finances, or relatives, with marital problems the most frequent. 35% of subjects reported postoperative menstrual disturbances, but 72% of the sample had been on oral contraceptives or IUDs, which can influence menstrual patterns. 8 and 10 women respectively reported increased sexual drive and sexual satisfaction, 6 and 3 reported decreased drive and satisfaction, and 141 and 142 reported no change in desire or satisfaction. 5 reported postoperative dyspareunia. 145 husbands and 152 wives stated they were satisfied with the operation.
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PMID:Emotional reaction to female sterilization: a prospective study. 710 4

Psychiatric manifestations were studied in 72 amputees in the post-operative period. All were right handed. Besides phantom limb phenomena, which were observed in nearly four-fifths of the cases and are described in another paper, nearly two-thirds had psychiatric symptoms inthe form of depression (45 patients), anxiety (38), crying spells (38), insomnia (34), loss of appetite (23), suicidal ideas (21) and psychotic behaviour (2). Right arm amputees had phantom phenomena and insomnia significantly more often than left. Nearly one-fifth of the cases were diagnosed as having psychotic depressive reactions, two-fifths as having depressive neurosis and two, both with right upper limb amputations, as schizophrenic.
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PMID:A psychiatric study of amputees. 711 72

The diazepam withdrawal syndrome was studied in 10 patients who had abused the drug for 3 to 14 years. In the previous 6 months their consumption of diazepam had ranged from 60 to 120 mg daily; none had used other drugs during this period. The withdrawal period lasted about 6 weeks. The intensity of the symptoms and signs was high initially, fell during the first 2 weeks, then rose again in the third week, before finally declining. Three groups of symptoms and signs were identified. Group A symptoms occurred throughout withdrawal and included tremor, anorexia, insomnia and myoclonus. Group B symptoms and signs were largely confined to the first 10 days and were those of a toxic psychosis. Group C symptoms reached a peak in the third and fourth weeks of withdrawal and were characterized by sense perceptions that were either heightened or lowered. The symptom groups, the presence of tremor and myoclonus, and the relief of symptoms by a test dose permit diazepam withdrawal to be distinguished from anxiety. The biphasic course of the symptoms is probably related to the pharmacokinetics of diazepam.
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PMID:Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: its prolonged and changing nature. 713 56

1. Four common side effects of dexedrine use (viz., anorexia, insomnia, stomach pains, and weight loss) were operationalized and quantified for use by parents in monitoring these effects over a 6 week clinical trial. 2. A weighted summary score, reflecting the frequency and intensity of each side effect, was used to determine the magnitude of each effect during treatment. 3. Four hyperactive children taking 2,5 mg twice daily, and six other hyperactive children taking either 5 or 10 mg twice daily, served as subjects. 4. Results indicated that the average weighted summary scores for all effects did not exceed minimal levels as defined in this study, regardless of dosage. 5. The implications, importance, and usefulness of this side effects scale in treating hyperactive children were discussed.
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PMID:Side effects of dexedrine in hyperactive children: operationalization and quantification in a short-term trial. 720 38


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