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Query: UMLS:C0917801 (insomnia)
 10,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In abuse dwarfism the behavioral signs include some or all of the following: (1) a history of unusual eating and drinking behavior, reversible on change of domicile, such as eating from a garbage can and drinking from a toilet bowl, stealing food, alleged picky eating and rejecting food at the table, polydipsia and polyphagia, possibly alternating with vomiting and possibly also with self-starvation; (2) a history of such behavioral symptoms as enuresis, encopresis, social apathy or inertia, defiant aggressiveness, sudden tantrums, crying spasms, insomnia, eccentric sleeping and waking schedule, pain agnosia, and self-injury, all occurring only in the growth-retarding environment; (3) retarded motor development, with improvement on removal of the child from the domiclle of abuse; (4) retarded intellectual growht, reversible on change of domicile by as much as 30 to 50 IQ points; and (5) a history of pathologic family relationships, including unusual cruelty and neglect, either somatic or psychic or both.
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PMID:The syndrome of abuse dwarfism (psychosocial dwarfism or reversible hyposomatotropism). 85 51

The proposed etiologies, clinical features, prognosis, and drug therapy of attention deficit disorder (ADD) are reviewed. Attention deficit disorder is a common neurobehavioral problem in children that manifests as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. It may persist into adolescence and adulthood and predispose the patient to antisocial and substance-abuse disorders. Stimulant agents are the drugs of first choice for pharmacologic treatment of ADD. Methylphenidate is the most frequently used stimulant because of its reduced potential for abuse and less troublesome adverse effects compared with dextroamphetamine. Stimulant medications are usually well tolerated, with nervousness and insomnia being the most common adverse effects. The potential for stimulant-induced growth suppression during long-term treatment should be dealt with prospectively by providing drug holidays. Tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors may be used in patients who do not respond adequately to stimulant agents. Low doses of the antipsychotic agents haloperidol, chlorpromazine, or thioridazine may be used as adjunctive treatment for ADD symptoms of hyperactivity and aggressiveness. Attention deficit disorder is not a benign disorder that children necessarily outgrow. Pharmacologic therapy should be combined with nonpharmacologic therapy to provide the greatest long-term benefits.
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PMID:Recognition and treatment of attention deficit disorder. 289 64

Despite the widespread use of psychotropic agents in patients with dementia, there is little available research on the nature and prevalence of psychiatric disturbance and behavioral syndromes requiring this treatment, and the results of such therapy. The authors suggest strategies to overcome difficulties inherent in attempting to obtain symptom profiles in demented patients. There is weak evidence to support the use of neuroleptics in the treatment of symptoms like suspiciousness, hallucinations, sleeplessness, agitation, emotional liability, and aggressiveness; no individual neuroleptic can be considered superior to any other for this purpose. Few studies have evaluated the effect of neuroleptics on activities of daily life (ADL), and no study has used detailed neurophsychological evaluation to examine their effects on cognitive function in dementia.
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PMID:Psychosis, behavioral disturbance, and the use of neuroleptics in dementia. 290 Jul 12

Tiapride was used in 55 chronic alcoholics. It has a sedative effect on the anxiety, aggressiveness and agitation observed during the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. It is also effective against tremor, insomnia and fatigue. Fatigue or depression do not occur as side-effects. Tiapride induces a psychological feeling of wellbeing which is heightened by continuation of detoxication and general management.
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PMID:[Tiapride in detoxication of chronic alcoholics (author's transl)]. 627 32

A mixed affective syndrome is described which meets the criteria for major depression but not those of the DSM III-R for a mixed state. The clinical picture is characterized by lack of motor retardation and fluent verbalization; the facial expression is animated and sometimes dramatic. Patients suffer considerably and are often tearful. They complain of inner tension and restlessness, racing thoughts and despair. Emotional lability and momentary irritability are observed. Insomnia occurs initially or with frequent early waking. Suicidal ideation occurs and makes the syndrome of concern in view of its impulsive nature. Antidepressants increase restlessness, insomnia, aggressiveness and the impulsiveness of suicidal ideation. Low-dose neuroleptics, lithium and anticonvulsivants are highly effective. A few sessions of ECT offer rapid improvement.
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PMID:[Anxious-excited depression: a mixed affective syndrome]. 858 15

The model of sleep deprivation in rats by the platform method has been extensively studied in our laboratory as a possible animal model of mania. At the end of the period of sleep deprivation, the rat does not fall asleep as soon as it is returned to its home cage, but shows a period of wakefulness of about 30 min, during which the animal presents a cohort of symptoms that appear to mimic those present in idiopathic mania. In particular, during this period the animal displays insomnia, a high degree of hyperactivity, irritability, aggressiveness, hypersexuality and stereotypy. Haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg) was effective in reducing latency to sleep, while L-sulpiride was much weaker (< 50 mg/kg). The dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 exhibited an extremely high potency and efficacy in reducing sleep latency, a significant effect being observed with 3 micrograms/kg. The administration of the specific D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 markedly prolonged the period of insomnia with the correlated behavioral syndrome. When lithium was added to the diet and consumed during the sleep deprivation period in adequate amounts to produce serum lithium levels of 0.7-1.0 mEq/l, sleep latency and locomotor activity were significantly reduced. The administration of naloxone (1-10 mg/kg) reduced the latency to sleep in a dose-related manner. By contrast, morphine (1 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.), beta-endorphin and [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (i.c.v., 2 and 1 micrograms, respectively) markedly prolonged the insomnia. The model not only represents a confirmation in the rat that sleep loss often precedes and may trigger a manic episode in man, but suggests that an opioid-dopamine interaction may play a pathogenetic role in mania.
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PMID:Sleep deprivation in the rat: an animal model of mania. 877 65

At the beginning of the statement the authors point out some lesser aspects of child's ill-treatment (previously suggested by them in other occasions) as expressions of very strict educational systems which strongly limit childrens' freedom or impose them several extrascholastic activities (such as: athletics, music with participation in competitive examination, studies of foreign languages, Latin and so on) where the child must excel in (composex of the "leader-child"). Then these authors suggest using the term "abuse" to mean lexically every excessive, undue, arbitrary use and not only "sexual". They point out the seriousness of abuse as far as juvenile exploitation is concerned both in case of manual labour and prostitution. But the pay particularly attention to the problem of sport when it is gone in for too intensively (as athletics). These authors infact sum up the harms that sport can cause when it is gone in for during the age under the stabilized puberty. Physical harms may occur especially during the practice of risky sports such as: Alpine skiing, cycling on the road, swimming combined with diving, fencing, boxing) and during tiring condition, while psychic harms can entail a fall in scholastic performances, irritability, insomnia, anxiety. The authors depreciate the behaviour of those parents who stimulate their children' aggressiveness during competitions and scold them when their performances are insufficient, or give them forbidden stimulants of hormonal anabolic drugs instead of taking care of their children in order to keep away from the arms mentioned above. However, after all these observations and considerations about competitive sports in juvenile age, these authors can firmly state that all this could be meant as an important aspects of the juvenile exploitation that must be taken in great consideration.
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PMID:[Occult child abuse (opinions, considerations, personal observations)]. 1129 44

In males, aging, health and disease are processes that occur over physiologic time and involve a cascade of hormonal, biochemical and physiological changes that accompany the down-regulation of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-testicular axis. As aging progresses there are relative increases of body fat and decreases in muscle mass. The increased adipose tissue mass is associated with the production of a number of newly generated factors. These include aromatase, leptin, PAI-1, insulin resistance, and the dyslipidemias, all of which can lead to tissue damage. Fatty tissue becomes the focal point for study as it represents the intersection between energy storage and mobilization. The increase in adipose tissue is associated with an increase in the enzyme aromatase that converts testosterone to estradiol and leads to diminished testosterone levels that favor the preferential deposition of visceral fat. As the total body fat mass increases, hormone resistance develops for leptin and insulin. Increasing leptin fails to prevent weight gain and the hypogonadal-obesity cycle ensues causing further visceral obesity and insulin resistance. The progressive insulin resistance leads to a high triglyceride-low HDL pattern of dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk. All of these factors eventually contribute to the CHAOS Complex: coronary disease, hypertension, adult-onset diabetes mellitus, obesity and/or stroke as permanent changes unfold. Other consequences of the chronic hypogonadal state include osteopenia, extreme fatigue, depression, insomnia, loss of aggressiveness and erectile dysfunction all of which develop over variable periods of time.
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PMID:Aromatase, adiposity, aging and disease. The hypogonadal-metabolic-atherogenic-disease and aging connection. 1139 22

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often exhibit sleep and behavioral disorders. Treatment of sleep disorders can be difficult in these children. Clonidine, an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist, has been shown to be effective in reducing impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity, as well as in serving as a sedative for medial procedures. An open labeled retrospective study of clonidine in treatment of insomnia, and/or hyperactivity, inattention, mood disorder, and aggressive behaviors was conducted using parent reports of sleep initiation and maintenance, as well as behaviors prior and during clonidine treatment. Clonidine was effective in reducing sleep initiation latency and night awakening, to a less degree in improving attention deficits hyperactivity, mood instability and aggressiveness in this cohort of 19 children with ASD. The side effects were largely tolerable. Further evaluation with placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial of clonidine use in ASD will provide more insight into the clinical efficacy and safety of the medicine in ASD.
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PMID:Use of clonidine in children with autism spectrum disorders. 1828 Jun 81

This paper presents the history of research and the results of recent studies on the effects of sleep deprivation in animals and humans. Humans can bear several days of continuous sleeplessness, experiencing deterioration in wellbeing and effectiveness; however, also a shorter reduction in the sleep time may lead to deteriorated functioning. Sleeplessness accounts for impaired perception, difficulties in keeping concentration, vision disturbances, slower reactions, as well as the appearance of microepisodes of sleep during wakefulness which lead to lower capabilities and efficiency of task performance and to increased number of errors. Sleep deprivation results in poor memorizing, schematic thinking, which yields wrong decisions, and emotional disturbances such as deteriorated interpersonal responses and increased aggressiveness. The symptoms are accompanied by brain tissue hypometabolism, particularly in the thalamus, prefrontal, frontal and occipital cortex and motor speech centres. Sleep deficiency intensifies muscle tonus and coexisting tremor, speech performance becomes monotonous and unclear, and sensitivity to pain is higher. Sleeplessness also relates to the changes in the immune response and the pattern of hormonal secretion, of the growth hormone in particular. The risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease increases. The impairment of performance which is caused by 20-25 hours of sleeplessness is comparable to that after ethanol intoxication at the level of 0.10% blood alcohol concentration. The consequences of chronic sleep reduction or a shallow sleep repeated for several days tend to accumulate and resemble the effects of acute sleep deprivation lasting several dozen hours. At work, such effects hinder proper performance of many essential tasks and in extreme situations (machine operation or vehicle driving), sleep loss may be hazardous to the worker and his/her environment.
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PMID:Consequences of sleep deprivation. 2044 67


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