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Query: UMLS:C0917801 (insomnia)
 10,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examines the extent to which 2 mg nicotine gum reduces the prevalence and severity of cigarette withdrawal signs and symptoms. The sample was comprised of women who were randomly assigned to chew 2 mg nicotine gum (N = 206) or no nicotine gum (N = 211). Signs and symptoms of withdrawal were assessed at days 2, 7, 14, and 28 post-cessation. The results showed a significant effect of 2 mg nicotine compared to no gum at 2 days post-cessation on the prevalence of the following symptoms: anxious/tense, difficulty concentrating, restless, impatient, somatic symptoms, insomnia, increased eating, and drowsiness. There were additional differences between the two groups for the severity of craving for cigarettes, irritable/angry, excessive hunger, and total withdrawal score. Over the course of 28 days post-cessation, significant Group and/or Group x Time interaction effects were found with regard to the severity of signs and symptoms for the following variables: impatient, insomnia, increased eating, irritable, difficulty concentrating, restless, somatic complaints, and total withdrawal score. These results are similar to those obtained from placebo-controlled trials for nicotine gum.
J Subst Abuse 1991
PMID:Effects of nicotine gum on prevalence and severity of withdrawal in female cigarette smokers. 182 Dec 96

Six hundred and ninety-seven medical specialists were surveyed to determine whether there is any consensus on the harmful effects of caffeine. More than 75% of the specialists recommended reduction in caffeine in patients with anxiety, arrhythmias, esophagitis/hiatal hernia, fibrocystic disease, insomnia, palpitations, and tachycardia.
J Subst Abuse 1988
PMID:A survey of physician advice about caffeine. 248 81

Four hundred seventy-nine drug abusing adolescent patients enrolled in seven Straight, Inc. Adolescent Drug-Abuse Treatment Programs in five geographic regions across the United States were studied to determine the severity and patterns of cocaine abuse. Of these, 341 admitted to cocaine use and became part of this survey. Cocaine use was categorized as heavy, intermediate, or light. Areas examined were the addictive spectrum, psychosocial dysfunction, and psychiatric symptoms. Intermediate and heavy users of cocaine abused significantly less marijuana and inhalants than light cocaine abusers. Heavy and intermediate users were more likely to use cocaine intravenously and to use crack. They developed tachyphylaxis more frequently, progressed to weekly use in less than 3 months more frequently, and became preoccupied with obtaining and using cocaine significantly more frequently. They used more sedative hypnotics to calm themselves and engaged in more criminal behavior, such as stealing from parents and stores and passing bad checks. They had more arrests for possession of drugs, stole more cars, sold more drugs, and were more likely to trade sexual favors to obtain the drug. Heavy and intermediate users were significantly more psychiatrically disturbed than light users, becoming more suspicious, nervous, aggressive, and demonstrating increased symptoms of fatigue, sleeplessness, decreased appetite, and increasing cocaine dysphoria. All of these symptoms could be mistaken for psychiatric disorders. This study suggests that cocaine is as addictive in adolescents as in adults; possibly more so. It also causes psychosocial dysfunction and psychiatric symptoms. Further research into cocaine addiction among adolescents is indicated.
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PMID:Adolescent cocaine abuse. Addictive potential, behavioral and psychiatric effects. 258 95

The problem of psychosomatic complaints in newly sober substance abusers is longstanding. While somatic symptoms are common in withdrawal generally, some patients experience symptoms which prevail to the point of distracting from the treatment of the addiction. This paper illustrates brief, collaborative interventions conducted in a treatment hospital for three such patients who had significant, persistent, and common psychosomatic difficulties: migraine, insomnia, and hypertension. The importance and utility of holistic, multimodal treatment of the patient is emphasized.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1989
PMID:Brief interventions for psychophysiological symptoms in hospitalized addicted patients. 274 9

Of most antihistamines more or less pronounced sedative effects are known. In recently developed substances this effect is said to be less or absent. After some days of application the sedative effect may decrease, but it can be enhanced by simultaneous intake of psychotropic drugs, sedatives or alcohol. There are important interindividual differences. The Drug Commission of the German Medical Profession (AKdA) received reports concerning tiredness, somnolence (even with new antihistamines), CNS-stimulation, nervousness, insomnia and paroniria have also been observed. Furthermore cases of dyskinesia have been reported, which are already described in the literature after long term intake, as well as anticholinergic reactions. Despite of their use as antiallergic drugs, reports on hypersensitivity reactions due to antihistamines, up to anaphylactic reaction have been not infrequently received by the AKdA. In rare cases disturbances of blood cell formation have been reported besides observations of gastrointestinal disorders, increase of appetite and weight. Abuse of antihistamine containing drugs was reported mainly for combinations with psychotropic agents.
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PMID:[Adverse effects of antihistaminics]. 290 91

Alcohol and drug addiction are defined in behavioral terms as the preoccupation with, compulsive use of, and relapse to drugs that are descriptive and confirmatory. The basis of addiction may involve neurochemical changes in the brain that distort and redirect the drive states (instincts). Tolerance and dependence may only be incidentally associated with addiction as a result of a nonspecific adaptation by the body to the presence of a drug. The cellular adaptation may be the same in all organs. Addiction to alcohol and drugs may have no specific relationship to tolerance and dependence. Addiction occurs in the absence of observable tolerance and dependence to alcohol and drugs. Alcohol and drug addiction is probably more complex than tolerance and dependence. Addiction is difficult to study because of the variability of behavioral phenomena and the underlying intricacies of the neurosubstrates. Tolerance and dependence are still useful as they are indicators of drug use. It is a misconception that long term chronic use is necessary for tolerance and dependence to develop. Some studies have shown that tolerance can develop within hours and days to a single dose of alcohol or other drugs. Anxiety, depression and insomnia can occur after a single dose of ethanol in humans. These symptoms of withdrawal from the alcohol or drug constitute dependence. Redefining the criteria for addiction tolerance and dependence to alcohol and other drugs may be in order. A neurochemical model may provide a more definitive and uniform basis for considering addiction, tolerance, and dependence to alcohol and drugs.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1987
PMID:The relationship of addiction, tolerance, and dependence to alcohol and drugs: a neurochemical approach. 332 55

Traumatized combat veterans frequently attempt to escape the chronic anxiety, insomnia and nightmares characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder by self-medicating with alcohol and drugs. The elimination of alcohol and drugs through chemical-dependency treatment, therefore, might be expected to precipitate an exacerbation of stress symptoms and predispose veterans to new cycles of abuse. The relationship between combat and post-treatment substance abuse has not been subjected to empirical study. This paper examines treatment-completion and post-treatment abstinence rates (treatment efficacy) as a function of level of combat when combat veterans are provided trauma-oriented therapy concurrently with treatment for chemical dependency. The experimental results suggest that, under these conditions, treatment efficacy does not vary with level of combat. The absence of combat-level effects is explained in terms of the interactive dynamics of chemical-dependency and post-traumatic stress disorder.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1986
PMID:Efficacy of chemical dependency treatment as a function of combat in Vietnam. 380 32

Concerns about the toxicities of psychomotor stimulants originate primarily from effects seen at high doses, when stimulants are abused. Low dose use in the apathetic medically ill patient has been generally associated with only minimal, short lived side effects, which are detailed herein. Confusion may be worsened in already delirious patients. Anxiety, psychosis, cardiovascular effects, insomnia, and tremor may occur but infrequently require discontinuation. Appetite is normally stimulated in the medically ill. In fact, stimulants are frequently utilized in the medically ill largely because of their minimal toxicity. The history of U.S. stimulant abuse in the twentieth century is briefly discussed. Abuse of prescribed stimulants appears to be infrequent. Over-zealous concern regarding abuse has previously led to unfortunate declines in appropriate utilization of stimulants, e.g., for attention deficit disorder. Guidelines for prescribing stimulants in light of abuse potential are included.
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PMID:Toxicity and abuse of prescribed stimulants. 764 19

Generalized resistance to disease and reduced tendency to depression have been related to the extent of social relationships, with a greater association for females than males. Cigaret smoking is the largest cause of preventable death: smokers' mortality rates are almost double those for non-smokers. Coronary heart disease and lung cancer are the main causes of death. Morbidity is also higher among smokers, who are more prone to bronchitis, emphysema, sinusitis, peptic ulcers, and influenza. Abuse of drugs, both prescribed and unprescribed, is linked directly to drug dependency and death, often suicide. Misuse of prescribed drugs is a major concern in the elderly. High caffeine consumption has been related to chronic insomnia, persistent anxiety and depression, and stomach upset. Use of properly adjusted seatbelts halves the number of deaths and the severity of injury in motor vehicle accidents. Type A personality behaviors are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. "Insight" requires further study to assess its affect on health and wellbeing. Quality of working life is an important determinant of an individual's identity and health status: frequency of symptoms increase as job strain increases.
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PMID:Health consequences of selected lifestyle factors: a review of the evidence, part 2. 2127 53

In this study of victims of sexual abuse, the aim was to investigate the role of perceived social support and abuse characteristics in self-reported insomnia, nightmare frequency, and nightmare distress. Four hundred sixty Norwegian victims of sexual abuse completed a questionnaire assessing perceived social support, abuse characteristics, insomnia, nightmare frequency, and nightmare distress. Results show that higher levels of perceived social support were related to lower scores on all symptom outcome measures. Abuse involving oral, genital, or anal penetration was related to more insomnia symptoms. Longer duration of abuse and threatening conducted by the perpetrator were related to higher nightmare frequency, while threats and abuse involving penetration were related to higher degrees of distress associated with nightmares. In conclusion, the present study provides preliminary data indicating that perceived social support may affect the nature of sleep difficulties in sexual abuse victims. Also, more severe forms of sexual abuse are related to higher levels of sleep difficulties.
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PMID:Insomnia, nightmare frequency, and nightmare distress in victims of sexual abuse: the role of perceived social support and abuse characteristics. 2220 47


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