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Query: UMLS:C0917801 (insomnia)
 10,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Increasing materialism in society is resulting in more wide spread nervous tension in all age groups. While some degree of nervous tension is necessary in everyday living, its adverse effects require that we must learn to bring it under control. Total tension is shown to have two components: a controllable element arising from factors in the environment and the inbuilt uncontrollable residue which is basic in the individual temperament. The effects of excessive or uncontrolled stress can be classified as 1) emotional reactions such as neurotic behaviour (anxiety hypochondria, hysteria, phobia, depression obsessions and compulsions) or psychotic behaviour and 2) psychosomatic reactions (nervous asthma, headache, insomnia, heart attack). Nervous energy can be wastefully expended by such factors as loss of temper, wrong attitudes to work, job frustration and marital strains. Relaxation is the only positive way to control undesirable nervous tension and its techniques require to be learned. A number of techniques (progressive relaxation, differential relaxation, hypnosis, the use of biofeedback, Yoga and Transcendental Meditation) are described and their application to dental practice is discussed.
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PMID:Tension and relaxation in the individual. 37 62

Benzodiazepines have so many uses in cancer patients that the physician may target more than one advantage as he considers choice of drug and dose. Nausea, pain, and anxiety may be treated simultaneously. Since these patients are often taking a number of medications, the simplest regimen has the most benefit. These drugs treat reactive anxiety, insomnia, claustrophobia, and panic disorder. As they treat anticipatory anxiety and phobia, they mitigate anticipatory nausea and a component of post-treatment nausea. With chemotherapy itself, they cause sedation, suppress recall of treatment, limit vomiting, and are seen as desirable by patients. They suppress the restlessness associated with metoclopramide and other dopamine-antagonist antiemetics. The analgesic effects are best seen in conditions of high anxiety, muscle spasm, and deafferentation syndromes. The advantages of sedative and antipsychotic effects may be exploited to suppress the psychiatric complications of high-dose corticosteroids.
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PMID:Strategic use of benzodiazepines in cancer patients. 183 Oct 42

A series of studies have focused on the problem of identifying and defining the specific characteristics of senile psychiatric pathology with greater precision. The aim of the present study was to examine symptomatological aspects of a group of psychiatric patients divided into different age ranges. The possible presence of psychopathologically defined (e.g. phobia, obsession, convulsive symptoms, hallucinations, deliria) and more aspecific symptoms (e.g. those which are generically involutive, confusion, anxiety, depression, insomnia, suicide attempts) was assessed in a group of 2018 psychiatric out-patients. It was found that senile psychiatric pathology presents a symptomatology which is generally aspecific and not clearly defined, and that there are peculiarities which differentiate it from that in the adult.
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PMID:[Psychopathological characteristics of psychiatric disturbances in the elderly]. 209 66

The main clinical value of the EEG in psychiatry is as a non-invasive tool for the investigation of organic mental syndromes and epilepsy. Predictions that CT scanning would make the EEG redundant have not been fulfilled. Indeed, the 2 instruments complement each other, the EEG being a measure of function and the CT scan a reflection of brain structure. Both are proving useful in the investigation of dementia, providing different but complementary information about the extent and progress of the disease. Quantitative methods of EEG analysis using laboratory computers are now readily available. Significant changes in both the EEG background activity and event related potentials have been clearly demonstrated in the functional psychoses. These are not specific for any diagnostic condition. This implies that they reflect changes caused by the impact of the psychotic mental state on the individual's cognitive processes and level of arousal. The challenge for the future is to develop models of the relationship between the electrical events and underlying cognitive processes. Some progress has been made concerning the ERP changes in selective attention and in phobic disorder. The computerized EEG has a clearly established place in the investigation of drug action, by-passing the blood brain barrier and providing direct access to brain activity. Clearly this work may prove useful in the study of the effects of drug induced change on neurotransmitter systems. The EEG study of all night sleep in patients with functional psychiatric disorders has not lived up to the early expectations of workers in the field. Nevertheless the studies of insomnia and hypnotic drug effects have had valuable practical implications.
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PMID:The electroencephalogram in psychiatry: clinical and research applications. 637 4

DSM-III diagnoses were established for 100 patients with chronic insomnia. Principal and additional diagnoses on axis I and II (psychiatric and personality disorders) were extremely prevalent. Only five patients had a principal diagnosis on axis III (physical disorders). The most common diagnoses on axis I were dysthymic, anxiety, somatoform, and substance use disorders. Compulsive personality disorder or trait was the most common axis II diagnosis. Ninety-five patients had multiple diagnoses. This study confirms that patients with chronic insomnia have a high prevalence of psychopathology and characteristic internalizing patterns of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, phobia, and excessive somatic concerns.
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PMID:Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia. IV: Diagnosis based on DSM-III. 670 98

The therapeutic efficacy, utility and safety of bifemelane hydrochloride were studied in 52 elderly depressive patients. The drug was administered as a tablet containing 50 mg orally three times daily for 8 consecutive weeks. The final global improvement rating and global utility rating were respectively 80.8 and 73.1 percent for all patients. The improvement rates on the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D) were more than 60% for depressed mood, guilt, suicide, middle insomnia, delayed insomnia, psychotic anxiety, gastro-intestinal symptom, hypochondriasis, depersonalization and derealization. The rates regarding global symptoms evaluated by the Psychoneurotic rating scale for doctor's use were more than 60% for tension, agitation, irritability and excitement, phobia, depression, hypochondria and nocturnal delirium in psychotic symptoms, and insomnia in addition to palpitation in somatic symptoms. A significant decrease was also observed in the symptoms covered by the Self-rating depression scale of Zung after treatment with this drug. There were no instances of side-effects, nor any abnormalities in laboratory tests, encountered throughout the trial. Therefore, bifemelane hydrochloride is of value for the treatment of geriatric depression.
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PMID:The effects of bifemelane hydrochloride on depressive illness of the elderly. 749 Jan 69

The problems in association with agoraphobia and social phobia were examined in an 11-year prospective longitudinal study of a Swiss cohort of young adults. The weighted prevalence rates according to DSM-III were 2.9% for agoraphobia and 3.8% for social phobia. Although the problem of agoraphobia was greater in females, an equal sex ratio was observed for social phobia. There was a significant degree of comorbidity between the two subtypes of phobia, with females exhibiting a significantly greater frequency of co-occurrence of both disorders than males. The course of the two disorders was quite similar. In general, subjects with both disorders reported a more severe course. Assessment of comorbidity of phobias and other disorders revealed that agoraphobia was most significantly associated with extended neurasthenia, sexual problems, and the consumption of cannabis. On the other hand, social phobia was associated with other disorders than agoraphobia, with the strongest associations emerging for simple phobia, extended insomnia, and alcohol abuse. These findings support the validity of the distinction between different subtypes of phobia. The longitudinal analysis revealed that also phobia in general was not stable at the diagnostic level phobic symptoms were quite persistent across time.
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PMID:The Zurich study. XX. Social phobia and agoraphobia. 821 33

While twin studies of psychiatric disorders have been conducted for over 65 years, surprisingly little is known about the comparability of psychiatric symptoms in adult twins and singletons. To address this question, we compared the means and variances of four-factor scores on the self-report Symptom Check List in twins and their relatives from the Virginia 30,000 twin-family study. The four factors were depression, panic-phobia, somatization, and insomnia. Twins had significantly higher scores on the panic-phobia factor than their relatives, by about one eighteenth of a standard deviation, and this was replicated in both subsamples. However, no consistent and significant mean differences between twins and their relatives were detected for the other three symptom factors. While some differences in variance were found between twins and their relatives, in no case were the differences replicated in both subsamples. With the possible exception of modestly elevated scores for panic-phobia, these results suggest that both the level and variability of common psychiatric symptoms reported by twins are similar to those found in the nontwin population.
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PMID:Self-report psychiatric symptoms in twins and their nontwin relatives: are twins different? 882 3

This questionnaire-based study investigated the traumatic background and trauma-related symptomatology among 141 treatment-seeking individuals with high levels of dental anxiety and among a low-anxious reference group consisting of 99 regular dental patients. The highly anxious individuals reported a significantly higher number of traumatic events, both within and outside the dental or medical setting, than those in the reference group (73% vs. 21%). Horrific experiences in the dental setting were the most common traumatic events reported. Of the highly anxious individuals, 46.1% indicated suffering from one or more of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, loss of interest, and insomnia), while in the reference group this percentage was 6%. Severity of dental anxiety was significantly associated with number of screening criteria for specific phobia and the extent to which the anxious subjects displayed symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Two variables were uniquely predictive for positive diagnostic screens for dental phobia and PTSD: having experienced a horrific dental treatment and having been a victim of a violent crime. In conclusion, post-traumatic symptoms are common accompaniments of severe forms of dental anxiety and are experienced even when dental treatment is not imminent.
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PMID:Psychological trauma exposure and trauma symptoms among individuals with high and low levels of dental anxiety. 1691 Oct 99

The current study examined the influence of a number of psychological factors on the effectiveness of an early intervention program targeting anxiety and depression in a non-clinical sample of college students. The early intervention program comprised elements of the cognitive-behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (McCullough, 2000) delivered in a 2-hour computer-based educational program. Participants completed measures of depression, anxiety, and general distress prior to the intervention program and then again 8 weeks later. Additionally, participants were assessed for past major depression, sleep related difficulties, a number of anxiety disorders, and suicide ideation. Moderation of the effectiveness of the early intervention program by these factors depended on the dependent variable of interest, specifically: the effectiveness of the intervention program on symptoms of depression was moderated by insomnia; symptoms of anxiety by past post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and specific phobia as well as sleep problems related to nightmares; and symptoms of general negative affect by social phobia and suicide ideation. Implications are discussed.
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PMID:The moderation of an early intervention program for anxiety and depression by specific psychological symptoms. 1922 47


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