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Query: UMLS:C0917801 (insomnia)
 10,606 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Woodbrige Hospital had 2,257 patients in 1975. Of these 75 percent were suffering from Schizophrenia. This pattern was similar to that of developing countries like Padistan and Malaya. A study was carried out on all new admissions in 1975. There were 1,068 patients whose age ranged from 10 to 89. Schizophrenia which constituted 62% of the cases was analysed in detail. They were mainly in the age range 10-29 (64%). The sex ratio was 3 males to 2 females. Their distribution by their type of housing was similar to that of the general populations. They were better educated. The most common presentation were reports of aggressive, violent, disturbed, abnormal or withdrawn behaviour. The 10 most common symptoms were paranoid ideas, hearing of voices, talking to oneself, insomnia, aggression, abnormal behaviour, laughing to oneself, disturbed behaviour, crying to oneself and withdrawn behaviour. The most common drugs used were trifluoperazine (47%) and chlorpromazine (45%). Electroconvulsive therapy was given to 25% of the patients. Most of the patients (63%) stayed less than 20 days.
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PMID:New admissions to Woodbridge Hospital 1975 with special reference to schizophrenia. 54 70

Subjects with a primary complaint of insomnia (N = 124) were evaluated with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories (MMPIs). A high percentage of subjects (85%) had one or more MMPI scales elevated to a pathological degree. The scales most elevated were, in order. 2 (depression), 7 (psychasthenia), and 3 (conversion hysteria). A striking finding was the preponderance of depression. This was indicated by the frequency in which scale 2 was elevated above 70, the frequency in which this this scale had the highest elevation, and the frequency of MMPI code types that included scale 2. Four common MMPI code types representing various types of depression were noted, indicating considerable homogeneity for code types in this sample. The predominant personality styles in this sample were characterized by the internalization of psychological distrubances rather than by acting out or aggression. We propose that this internalization produces a state of constant emotional arousal and resultant physiological activation and that this process is a psychophysiological mechansim underlyling insomnia.
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PMID:Personality patterns in insomnia. Theoretical implications. 96 95

Despite some evidence that neuroleptic medication is overused or misused in long-term care facilities for the elderly, there has been virtually no attention paid to the pattern of use of antidepressants in these facilities. All patients in long-term care in a geriatric hospital and a home for the aged who were receiving antidepressants were identified; 10.5% of the patients in the hospital and 12.7% in the home for the aged were receiving an antidepressant. The rate of use of antidepressants on the different units ranged from 0% to 26.8%. The most commonly prescribed antidepressant was doxepin followed by nortriptyline. The mean dose of antidepressant was 34.8 mg. Although depression was the most common reason for the prescription of an antidepressant (69% of patients receiving one), other reasons included pain, agitation, aggression, and insomnia. Patients had been receiving antidepressants for up to 10 years, with a mean duration of 32 months. The majority of patients (60%) had a history of depression predating their institutional admission. Patients receiving antidepressants were compared to a group not receiving antidepressants, who were matched for age, sex, unit, and attending physician. Patients receiving antidepressants were more likely to have a history of stroke (33.8% versus 16.9%). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the prevalence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, thyroid disease, malignant tumor, congestive heart failure, or diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies are required to determine the efficacy of antidepressants in this population and to identify factors that can predict a positive response to treatment.
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PMID:Pattern of use of antidepressants in long-term care facilities for the elderly. 141 68

To assess physiological and psychological states accompanying anabolic-androgenic steroid use, male weight lifters 1) were interviewed regarding their physical training and the patterns and effects of any drug use; 2) completed a written physical and medical history questionnaire, a Profile of Mood States questionnaire, and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory; and 3) were physically examined, including a blood sample and urinalysis. Subjects were divided into current anabolic-androgenic steroid users (N = 12), previous users (N = 14), and nonusers (N = 24). Current and previous users reported the following changes associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use: increases in enthusiasm, aggression, and irritability; changes in insomnia, muscle size, muscle strength and density; faster recovery from workouts and injuries; and changes in libido. We were unable to confirm these interview and physical and medical history questionnaire responses using standardized and well-accepted psychological inventories. There were no significant differences among groups for any Profile of Moods factor, total mood disturbance, total Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory score, or any subscale. For current users, there were no significant correlations between either total weekly drug dose or length of time on the current cycle of anabolic-androgenic steroids and any individual scale of the Profile of Mood States, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Profile of Mood States total mood disturbance, or composite Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory score. Furthermore, anabolic-androgenic steroid users did not differ in their responses on these inventories from nonusers or from general population norms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Psychological moods and subjectively perceived behavioral and somatic changes accompanying anabolic-androgenic steroid use. 145 66

Several developments in serotonin neuropharmacology have implications for psychiatric disorders and have already begun to impact their treatment. Selective inhibitors of serotonin uptake, which enhance serotonergic function by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synaptic cleft via the membrane transporter, have been introduced for the treatment of depression and may be effective in other disorders. Precursor loading can increase serotonin concentrations in the synaptic cleft, and tryptophan--which has been available in health food stores and drug stores--had become increasingly used for self-medication of depression, insomnia, and premenstrual syndrome. Conversion to serotonin is not the major metabolic pathway for tryptophan, and large increases in other tryptophan metabolites (such as quinolinic acid, a substance that is excitotoxic at high concentrations) accompany small increases in extracellular serotonin. The recent epidemic of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with tryptophan now appears due to a trace contaminant in the product from a single manufacturer. A major advance in serotonin pharmacology has been the elucidation of serotonin receptor heterogeneity. At least seven receptor subtypes (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4) have been identified in brain. Direct-acting agonists and antagonists can have selective affinity for specific receptor subtypes. Selective activation of 5-HT1A receptors seems to cause anxiolytic and possibly antidepressive effects. Selective antagonists of 5-HT2 or 5-HT3 receptors may be useful in treating anxiety and schizophrenia. Drugs that enhance serotonergic function suppress aggression in animals, but the specific receptor subtypes involved are not known. The advances being made in serotonin pharmacology will help define the role of this brain neurotransmitter in psychiatric and other disorders and can be expected to lead to further therapeutic advances.
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PMID:Role of serotonin in therapy of depression and related disorders. 167 51

Severity, understood as the use of means objectively able to produce death or serious injure, is found in approximately a third of the cases of attempted suicide that have been studied. It has been discovered a statistically significant association between the severity and other variables observed in the self-aggression behaviour: length in the place of residence, insomnia, previous self-aggression, time of the day, way of realization, main trigger and psychiatric diagnosis.
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PMID:[Criteria of severity in attempted suicide]. 262 66

Estrogen treatment of 16 hypogonadal women showed lessening of gonadotrophins, vasomotor symptoms, psychometrically measured aggression, and average sleep latency, but more Rapid Eye Movement sleep in a 100-day cross-over, double-blind comparison with placebo treatment. Of eight insomniac subjects, four showed decreased, but four showed increased insomnia scores and sleep latencies. Clinical rank of psychological intactness correlated with sleep latency and with total sleep time during the estrogen condition. Although estrogen altered both physiological and psychological states, such effects were characterized by different time courses and different degrees of consistency among the subjects.
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PMID:Relationship among estrogen-induced psychophysiological changes in hypogonadal women. 626 51

This is a summary of research studies indicating a primary role of psychotherapy in the etiology of certain sleep disorders. Thus, chronic insomnia is associated with high levels of psychopathology and a personality profile characterized by internalization of emotions. Also, a greater number of stressful life events occurs at the year of onset of insomnia. Two additional sleep disorders (sleep-walking and night terrors in adults) are similarly associated with high levels of psychopathology. Although these two disorders share many common clinical and psychopathological characteristics, their psychological profiles and psychopathological correlates differ considerably. Sleepwalkers show a high incidence of personality disorders with generally active, outward behavioral patterns, whereas night terror sufferers are mostly anxious, depressed and phobic with an inhibition of outward expression of aggression. Based on these research findings a series of therapeutic recommendations is presented for the effective management of patients with insomnia, sleepwalking or night terrors.
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PMID:Sleep disorders: research in psychopathology and its practical implications. 712 21

Twenty-four children treated wih flupenthixol for behavioural disorders were studied in the out-patient clinic. The drug was given in small doses (0.4 to 2.0 mg per day) for periods ranging from 6 months to 2 years as an alternative to psychotherapy in cases where the latter was not possible. All patients were diagnosed clinically and psychologically as suffering from progressive symptoms of aggression or psychosis. Both the clinical and the psychological assessments showed improvement, particularly in insomnia and aggression. There was also improvement in social contact and concentration leading to improvement in performance at school. Although the health of the children remained very delicate, the results achieved with flupenthixol appeared to be stable even after treatment was stopped.
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PMID:The use of flupenthixol ('Fluanxol') in the management of behavioural disorders in disturbed and psychotic children. 713 29

Dextromethorphan (DM), the dextrorotatory isomer of 3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan, is the main ingredient in a number of widely available, over-the-counter antitussives. Initial studies (Bornstein 1968) showed that it possessed no respiratory suppressant effects and no addiction liability. Subsequently, however, several articles reporting abuse of this drug have appeared in the literature. The drug is known to cause a variety of acute toxic effects, ranging from nausea, restlessness, insomnia, ataxia, slurred speech and nystagmus to mood changes, perceptual alterations, inattention, disorientation and aggressive behavior (Rammer et al 1988; Katona and Watson 1986; Isbell and Fraser 1953; Devlin et al 1985; McCarthy 1971; Dodds and Revai 1967; Degkwitz 1964; Hildebrand et al 1989). There have also been two reported fatalities from DM overdoses (Fleming 1986). However, there are no reports describing the effects of chronic abuse. This report describes a case of cognitive deterioration resulting from prolonged use of DM.
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PMID:Cognitive deterioration from long-term abuse of dextromethorphan: a case report. 780 71


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