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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hygienic aspects of the various breeding systems are reviewed. The companion aviary is the least hygienic system; the birds are hardest to supervise in this case. Breeding in pairs is preferable from either point of view. Hygiene in aviaries is determined by all component parts of the cage, which are used in keeping the birds. The walls should be smooth and clean. The most hygienic drinking water supply is ensured by bottle-type nipple drinkers provided with a small ball. Feeders should be emptied, cleansed and filled with fresh water every day. A hygienic, dry floor-covering will prevent the appearance of large numbers of Enterobacteriaceae (as well as E. coli) in the intestine. The feed should preferably be given in measured rations. An adult canary should be fed 4 g. of seed and 1 g. of soft feed (containing 20 per cent of protein and 1 per cent of lysine) daily. Causes of death in young birds may be: inferior soft feed, a faulty diet, the presence of pentachlorophenol in the nesting material, infestation with chicken lice (Dermanyssus gallinae), diarrhoea due to a polluted environment (neonatal diarrhoea shortly after hatching), cochlosomosis, drumsticks and atoxoplasmosis. The clinical features and treatment of infectious diseases are discussed.
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PMID:[Problems arising from disease during the periods of breeding and rearing canaries and other aviary birds (author's transl)]. 740 68

These epidemiological studies concern 187 cases of human fasciolasis which occurred in the region of Limousin, France on a period of 24 years. Four species of plants have been eaten: Nasturtium officinale, Roripa silvestris, Taraxacum gr. officinale, Valerianella olitoria. These plants have been eaten during all months of the year, but with higher numbers in July-August and from November to February. The cases of human fasciolasis almost take place on all years, but their numbers are high in years showing a very important infestation of cattle by Fasciola hepatica. In 2/3 of cases, the plants come from stations situated out of cattle pastures. The water-cress almost comes from natural stations or from familial plantations. Five species of snails have been observed in these stations: Lymnaea glabra, L. palustris, L. peregra, L. stagnalis, L. truncatula. The young snails of these species experimentally have been observed. The significance of these results is discussed.
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PMID:[Epidemiological data on human distomatosis (Fasciola hepatica L.) in the Limousin region of France. The species of plants eaten and snail hosts]. 745 66

The reasons of the dramatically aggravated cercarial situation were examined in the Naroch Lake area (Minsk Province, Byelorussia). The incidence of infection with cercariae of the family Schistosomatidae trematodes in 8 mollusk species of the genera Lymnaea, Planorbarius, Planorbis, Anisus which were nonuniformly distributed in the upper littoral were studied. The snails form mosaic congestions of various density (from solitary individuals in a 50-100 m2 area to hundreds per m2), which is associated with the nature of aquaphytocenoses and the degree of plant overgrowth. The snails infected with Trichobilharzia ocellata and Bilharziella polonica cercariae accounted for 18.8%. Schistosoma cercariae affected L. stagnalis, L. ovata, and L.p. corvus to the greatest extent. The proportion of ducks (Anas platyrhyncha) infected with the two Schistosomatidae is 30.0% in the area in question with the average infestation rate of as many as 20 trematodes of both sexes per duck. High-risk areas for human infestation (with the number of Schistosoma cercariae exceeding 10 larvae in 10 liters of water) were recorded in the upper littorals in the beach zones of all recreation institutions such as sanatoria, rest homes, camping, etc.). The fact that Schistosoma cercariae can be active in attacking man under the conditions of the Naroch Lake littoral was verified by the self-infestation of one of the authors (S.A. Be'er). Schistosome dermatitis showing its typical clinical manifestations developed after 120-130 cercariae had penetrated into the arms and legs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Human cercariasis caused by schistosomatid larvae from aquatic birds in the Narochanka River recreational area of Byelarus]. 747 91

The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of dust mite infestation and its contribution to the health complaints in office settings. The methodology recommended for residential dwellings was evaluated for use in the work environment. Der p I allergen-specific ELISA was chosen as a primary method. A liquid chromatography method for guanine is suggested as a backup method to cover a few cases where other mite species may be encountered. The levels of dust mite allergens were measured in 14 offices in response to numerous health complaints. Approximately one-half of the offices investigated were identified as having a dust mite population. Four offices showed levels of Der p I in the dust greater than 1 microgram/g. In two offices, the dust mite allergens were the source of the health complaints. In the other two offices, dust mite allergens were one of the contaminants in the office environment. In all cases, the infestation of dust mites in the offices was localized to a few specific work areas. Office chairs were the primary location where dust mites thrived. The remedial measures included regular cleanup of all fabric-covered office furnishings. Steam cleaning was recommended to eliminate dust mite populations.
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PMID:Dust mite allergens in the office environment. 865 Oct 76

In Kitgum district of northern Uganda in 1992, natural group and focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted to examine the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs of the people concerning Guinea Worm disease (GW disease) and its transmission, prevention, and treatment. Most people could describe the cause and treatment of Coo (local name of GW disease). More than 58% thought dirty or bad water was the main cause of Coo. 63.2% believed that drinking contaminated water was the cause. 13.1% did not know the cause of GW disease. Few people clearly understood how GW is transmitted. People received treatment from the nearest health unit (42%), traditional healers (34%), self-medication (16%), and drug shops (8%). 55.3% of key informants believed that Coo cases had increased. The perceived reasons for the increase were drinking dirty water (42.8%), migration (38.1%), no medicine (9.5%), and increased population (4.8%). Suggestions for community action to halt transmission of GW included provision of safe water, educating each other, boiling water, and filtering water. The community perceived that the government and nongovernmental organizations could drill new boreholes, bring in medications, repair broken boreholes, protect water sources, and provide education to stop the spread of GW disease. Water sources were shallow wells, streams, rivers, valley dams, and boreholes. 77.3% of boreholes did not work. Most other water sources were inadequately protected from GW infestation. Some community members perceived boiling water as tedious and difficult. Most people thought that there was nothing or little they could do to prevent contamination of water sources. Few had heard health education messages about Guinea Worm disease. Many people wanted the use of plays, drama, and videos in villages to communicate GW prevention messages.
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PMID:Community perception and role in prevention of Guinea worm disease. 751 75

The characteristics of the population dynamics of Posthodiplostomum nanum have been studied in two of its intermediate hosts, using prevalence, intensity and maturity of the metacercariae, considering the influence of the water temperature. In addition to this some ecological implications are described. There were made 18 samples monthly or bimonthly from may 1986 until march 1989, 1113 fishes were captured out of which 956 metacercariae were obtained. P. nanum was present along the year, having significant seasonal variation in prevalence and intensity of infestation. It was observed that the water temperature is a relevant factor in the maturation of the parasite. The values of the prevalence and intensity of infestation were higher in Jenynsia lineata than in Cnesterodon decemmaculatus. This could be explained by various factors: a) distribution of the first intermediate host; b) behavior of the second intermediate host and c) individual physiological differences of each host, specially in relation to reproduction. The relation S2/X fluctuated during the whole year, indicating the recruitment-period (autumn, spring) and the nonrecruitment-period (winter, summer) of metacercariae.
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PMID:[Population biology of Posthodiplostomum namum Dubois, 1937 (Trematoda, Diplostomidae) in Jenynsia lineata and Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces, Atheriniformes), of Chis-Chis Lagoon, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina]. 756 44

This study explored the effects of mild infestation with Giardia on energy intake and expenditure at rest and in activity in an urban Mexican population. Ten boys aged 6-10 y living in low-income sectors in northwest Mexico who had Giardia infestation were recruited. Energy intake, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and total free-living expenditure (TEE) measured by the doubly labeled water method were determined for 7 d during both infestation and after treatment. There was no significant difference in recorded energy intake between the two periods (7.76 and 7.70 MJ/d; P = 0.847). BMR showed no significant change in response to treatment; values were 4.79 and 4.86 MJ/d (P = 0.03). The mean TEE increased by almost 1 MJ/d in the Giardia-free period. This increase was observed in 8 of the 10 subjects; however, the overall change was not statistically significant (P = 0.08).
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PMID:Energetic consequences of mild Giardia intestinalis infestation in Mexican children. 770 32

Cases of Schistosoma haematobium, the dominant form of human schistosomiasis in Nigeria, are frequently encountered in schools and hospitals in various parts of the country. The infection is acquired from water containing cercariae which develop in snails and subsequently penetrate human skin. The eggs of S. haematobium leave the human body mainly in urine. Ascaris is acquired by ingestion of infective embryonated ova, while Trichuris is acquired by infestation of embryonated ova and may cause diarrhea, dysentery, and occasionally rectal prolapse. Endemic helminth infestation in rural populations poses a great threat to public health in developing countries. In light of the paucity of information on the distribution of these parasites in most areas amid general concern that the parasites may be increasing in both prevalence and distribution, especially in remote and poorly accessible rural communities, the authors set out to determine the incidence and prevalence of Ascaris, S. haematobium, and Trichuris among males and females of different age groups in Iroko village, Oyo state, Nigeria. The prevalence of helminth parasites was determined through the analysis of stool and urine samples randomly collected from people who had lived in the village for at least one year. Children aged 5-14 years had the highest prevalence of Ascaris, S. haematobium, and Trichuris, while villagers aged 26-55 years had the lowest prevalence of these parasites. Hookworms, however, were highly common among villagers aged 26-55 years and least common among subjects aged 5-14. The high level of Ascaris and Trichuris infestation among males and females aged 5-14 years suggests that helminth infestation is age, sex, and behavior dependent with regard to the frequency of host-parasite contact.
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PMID:Age and sex graded helminth infections in a Nigerian village. 779 48

To determine the role of habitats in the schistosomiasis transmission all the year, a study on snail hosts distribution was carried out within various parts in the irrigated system of the "Office du Niger". Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi were the only snail hosts recorded. Densities were low and 85% (46/54) of breeding sites contained less than 50 snails collected per man/hour. Primary and secondary canals play the most important role in disease transmission because of the stability of these habitats, the pollution of human water contact by remnants of food and wastes which favourised the snail growth and infestation. Prevalences were 23.3% (46/197) in Bulinus truncatus and 2.5% (6/243) in Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The cercariae shedding was permanent, but the infection varied significantly according to the snail species, the period and to the area.
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PMID:[Distribution of intermediate mollusc hosts in human schistosomiasis in the Office of Niger (Mali).II. Role of different habitats in the transmission]. 782 16

A total of 4.1% infestation with Chilodonella spp. was found among fish studied in 144 tanks in 1987-1989, representing 14.0% of the tanks in which fish are reared at four salmonid farms in northern Finland. Two species were found, C. hexasticha and C. piscicola, and both occurred on salmon (Salmo salar L.), sea trout [S. trutta m. trutta (L.)] and brown trout [S. t. m. lacustris (L.)]. Variability was observed in the length and width of the C. piscicola specimens and the number of ciliary rows or kineties. Large specimens which had more kineties than average for C. piscicola were found mainly on the skin of salmon aged 1-2 years. The number of kineties in the right ciliary band was found in stepwise logistic regression analysis to be of importance when typing C. piscicola specimens. Fingerlings were found to be more susceptible to Chilodonella infestation than older fish, and mortality varied in the range 2-10% in the course of the epizootics in the three fish species. Most mortality cases were caused by C. hexasticha, occurring mainly on the gills of the fish. Chilodonella piscicola was most often found in salmon and occurred at lower water temperatures than C. hexasticha (mean water temperature when found for the first time being 13 degrees C and 16 degrees C, respectively).
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PMID:Chilodonella spp. at four fish farms in northern Finland. 786 84


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