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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The influence of Opisthorchis viverrini liver fluke infection on development of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular nodules was investigated in Syrian golden hamsters. Infection with 60 metacercariae, 4 weeks prior to administration of DEN for 12 weeks in the drinking water at dose levels of 10, 20 and 40 p.p.m., resulted in a significantly increased yield of nodular lesions as compared with the group receiving carcinogen treatment alone. The results indicate an importance for parasite-associated liver injury and compensatory regeneration in hepatocarcinogenesis and suggest a possible role for Opisthorchis infestation in the generation of hepatocellular tumours in man.
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PMID:Enhancement of DEN-induced hepatocellular nodule development by Opisthorchis viverrini infection in Syrian golden hamsters. 362 73

A survey about motion parasitosis has been carried out on one hundred Indians (Quechua ethnic group) living in a hamlet called Amarete located in the Bolivian Altiplano. This community is living in a place difficult to reach (11,100 feet) where many pre-Colombian traditions are still alive. All children were parasitized, 75% of them were carrier of 3 to 5 parasites. Infestation with ascaris (91%) is the most frequent and the risks of getting amebic dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica 41%) and balantidial (Balantidium coli 8%) are high. Many other parasites (8 kinds of protozoa , 5 kinds of helminths) can be observed; more especially, we noticed that 20% of the pupils used to be carrier operculated eggs. Tenia embryophores (more probably Taenia solium found in 2 children) made us aware of possibilities of cysticercosis. An other problem lays on general hygiene and hygiene of the water since feces danger is responsible of important parasitologic loads. Results are compared with a fecal study carried out on a population from the Altiplano region but living now in the plain. Amazonian Indian population in previous or recent contact with occidental civilization show the same variations of parasitologic repartition between Amarete hamlet and the transplanted population of Altiplano region. The role played by the acculturation could be discussed.
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PMID:[Intestinal parasitoses in children of an Indian community of Bolivian altiplano]. 373 67

For the past ten years Cysticercus bovis (measles) infestation has proved to be on the increase in most parts of Botswana; this has been demonstrated by an incidence of 12-15% which represents a loss of up to five million pula (P1.00 = US $0.68) in detained and/or condemned carcasses per year. The losses caused by this disease will increase tremendously as the major markets for Botswana beef will soon stop accepting beef that has been frozen due to he disease. In the past fifteen years it is believed that the incidence was only at 2.0%. Table 1 shows the increase in incidence in different parts of the country according to veterinary interzonal areas, and figure 2 shows the increase patterns of the condition throughout the ten years of study. It appears there is a strong relationship between the disease and climate, the increase in incidence seem to be prominent during the drought. This could be so especially due to a very high cattle-human contact because it is during this period that there is competition for water sources between livestock and human-beings in most parts of this country. Data from the export abattoir, the Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) was analysed and this incidence increase is documented in the text of this paper. Visits to areas as categorised were undertaken to assess the management systems and to observe possible climatic factors which could be tied to this problem.
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PMID:A survey of Cysticercus bovis (measles) infestation in cattle sent for slaughter to Botswana Meat Commission (BMC). A ten years retrospective study--1974-1983. 379 91

In a circumscribed area in Tanzania where the predacious larvae of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis were particularly abundant, it was found that water-filled tires and tins containing Toxorhynchites larvae had fewer larvae of Aedes aegypti than those without the predator larvae. The peaks of infestation with Toxorhynchites larvae occurred almost a month later than the peaks of A. aegypti infestation. Cannibalism was observed among the predator larvae in these containers.
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PMID:Interaction between the predator Toxorhynchites brevipalpis and its prey Aedes aegypti. 415 25

Certain features, characteristic of outbreaks of scrub typhus, can be explained by the behaviour of the chigger vectors which are remarkably hardy and can survive weeks of freezing or immersion in water. The established vectors are all species of the genus Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium), i.e., L. (L.) akamushi (Brumpt, 1910), L. (L.) deliense (Walch, 1922), L. (L.) pallidum (Nagayo et al., 1919), and L. (L.) scutellare (Nagayo et al., 1921). These chiggers (i.e. larval mites) infest a broad variety of birds and mammals, and tend to be found in clusters on certain specific sites on the host. However, the precise site for any species of mite varies with the host, and it is believed that the grooming habits of the infested animal account for this "site preference". The degree of infestation cannot validly be ascribed to the size of the host. L. (L.) pavlovskyi (Schluger, 1948), L. (L.) orientale (Schluger, 1948), L. (L.) arenicola Traub, 1960, and L. (L.) tosa (Sasa & Kowashima, 1951) are regarded as probable vectors. Other species, some belonging to other genera, are under suspicion in this regard.L. (L.) subintermedium (Jameson & Toshioka, 1954) and certain other chiggers were found in "ecological islands" in all montane habitats studied in West Pakistan, despite the intervening high mountains, broad rivers and belts of semi-desert. The infection-rate of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in vector species in nature is believed to be low, and chiggers may be serving as reservoirs of infection and not just as vectors.
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PMID:Ecological considerations in scrub typhus. 2. Vector species. 530 5

A worker on a trout farm died from serologically confirmed leptospirosis. Four other workers at the trout farm had recently had an influenza-like illness; one had had jaundice. The man with jaundice had high leptospiral antibody titres, and two others had titres of 1/30. The remaining serum sample was negative. Family members and neighbours not associated with the farm had no detectable leptospiral antibodies. There was evidence of rat infestation around the ponds and in a shed used for storing trout food. Pond water or trout food contaminated with rat urine is believed to have been responsible for the outbreak. Another case occurred in a fish farmer elsewhere and it is thought he was infected through wading in rat polluted water with defective rubber boots. A survey to determine the incidence of leptospirosis in fish farm workers is under way.
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PMID:Leptospirosis in trout farmers. 611 98

A survey of various types of on-site sanitation systems in Dar es Salaam and Gaborone showed that many were infested with larvae of flies (mainly Chrysomya putoria) and Culex mosquitoes (mainly Cx quinquefasciatus). The mosquitoes only occurred where the pit contents had a free water surface but the flies were found in both wet and scum covered pits. The infestation rate was much higher where the latrine vent pipe had no insect-proof screen. Exit traps were placed on the vent pipes and drop holes to determine by which route the emerging flies and mosquitoes left the pit. Provided that the latrine door was kept closed (thus producing a relatively greater light intensity in the vent pipe), over 90% of flies went up the vent pipe. In most cases about 80% of Cx quinquefasciatus did the same, but in two pits very dense mosquito infestations were found and over 1000 mosquitoes per night were caught leaving the pit through the drop hole. In such cases traps on the drop holes might be used as a semi-permanent control method. Entry traps were placed on the vent pipe and drop hole to catch females attempting to enter to lay eggs. All the flies and the majority of the mosquitoes caught were trying to enter the vent pipe which indicates that odour from this source is attractive to these insects. Various possible modifications to the methods of using latrines to minimize associated insect problems are discussed; the simplest and most important is to ensure that all vent pipes are effectively screened.
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PMID:Entomological studies of on-site sanitation systems in Botswana and Tanzania. 612 68

The snail host of Clonorchis sinensis in Korea is referred to as Parafossarulus manchouricus, but it has been recorded also as Bulimus striatulus japonicus in literature published up to late 1950. The specific name of the snail was corrected such that Bulimus striatulus of China, Japan, and Korea should be incorporated in the species of P. manchouricus. In general, the snail exists in limited areas of the rivers Han, Kum, Mankyung, Naktong, and Yeongsan, and the infestation of the snail with the cercaria of C. sinensis is very low. In recent years, ten species of small fresh-water fish are known as second intermediate hosts of the fluke. Of these, the southern top-mouthed minnow, Pseudorasbora parva, was most heavily infected. The striped shiner, Pungtungia herzi, Korean shiner, Gnathopogon atromaculatus, gudgeon, Pseudogobio esocinus, oily shiner, Sarcocheilichthys sinensis, and Korean barbel, Hemibarbus labeo, were infected intermediately. Whereas, the flat bitterling, Paracheilognathus rhombea, oily bitterling, Acheilognathus limbata, and Korean rose bitterling, Acanthorhodeus taenianalis were infected with a few cysts. No infections were found in the pale chub, Zacco platypus, crussian carp, Carassius carassius, and carp, Cyprinus carpio. Most Koreans are usually infected by eating slices of raw fresh-water fish coated with hot bean paste. Raw fish is a common accompaniment in drinking the rice wine "Marcgulee" in rural communities and a health food for males. Numerous epidemiological studies revealed that the prevalence rate for the fluke among the residents in the vicinity of rivers is higher than those in the areas far from the rivers. The rate is higher among males than females and increases with age.
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PMID:Clonorchis sinensis: life cycle, intermediate hosts, transmission to man and geographical distribution in Korea. 639 1

Diarrhea claims the lives of at least five million children per year and is a major contributor to malnutrition in developing countries. A variety of infectious agents cause diarrhea through several pathogenic mechanisms. Bacteria such as Shigella can directly invade the intestinal mucosa, and those similar to Vibrio cholerae or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli can produce toxins that alter cellular absorption and secretions. Rotavirus appears to cause 30%-40% of diarrhea in toddlers. Diarrhea frequently accompanies parasitic infestation and infections in other parts of the body. Several methods, including improvement of water supplies and sanitation and administration of vaccines and antibiotics, may be useful in preventing mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea. Oral rehydration to replace fluids and electrolytes, accompanied by attention to early feeding and encouragement of breast feeding, is the most effective and economical intervention currently available.
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PMID:Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. XV. Acute diarrhea. 639 70

A focus of intestinal schistosomiasis was discovered in november 1981 in Martinique in the Saint-Pierre area. An analysis of its structure and of the mecanisms of the transmission of the parasite was carried out between 1981 and 1983. This focus presents the following particularities: a transmission site very small constituted by water cress beds; a small human population infected with a prevalence of 13% (positive stools) to 41,3% (positive serologies); a weak fecal contamination of the water; a non functioning sewage stabilization tank is responsible for this contamination; a rich population of the snail host Biomphalaria glabrata (40,5 to 256,3 Bg/m2) with a low prevalence of infestation (0,13 to 0,59%); low cercarial densities in the water cress bed waters; a very low contamination of the Roxelane river water in to which the water from the water cress beds flows. The epidemiological importance of this contamination has proved very low but not altogether absent. This focus appears as a particular case in Martinique because all the surveys which have been conducted in the island to date has not uncovered a similar example.
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PMID:[Activities of a Schistosoma mansoni focus of transmission in Martinique (French Antilles)]. 652 23


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