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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
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Parasitic infection is one of the prime causes for morbidity and mortality of ducks in India. Ducks have the habit of wading through the water resources especially paddy fields and feeding on snail which favours occurrence of various parasites. Among the parasites, lice infestation affects growth and productivity of ducks by way of irritation. Lice are well adapted as external parasites and usually are more a nuisance than a threat to their hosts. A nomadic farmer from Mannargudi area of Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu, India who had a flock of 1600 ducks reported continuous death of 700 ducks within a period of one month and brought a dead duck to Dept. of Veterinary Pathology for postmortem examination. Examination of entire body of duck prior to necropsy revealed the presence of live lice in the hairs around the junction of beak and head. About 7 lice specimens were collected and brought to Dept. of Veterinary Parasitology for identification. The lice specimens were processed and identified as Anatoecus dentatus based on the presence of 'tin opener' shaped effracter in the male genitalia. This is the first report of occurrence of these lice in ducks from Southern India.
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PMID:First report of Anatoecus dentatus in domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus, Linnaeus, 1978) from Southern India. 2998 98

Data on foodborne disease in Canada in 1979 are compared with data for 1978. A total of 825 incidents, comprising 650 outbreaks and 175 single cases, causing illness in 5503 persons was reported for 1979. The number of incidents and cases decreased by 1.3% and 7.7%, respectively, from 1978 to 1979. Like the previous year, Salmonella spp. were responsible for more incidents (62) and cases (1754) than any other agent. Other incidents were caused by Staphylococcus aureus (29), suspect mold and yeast (18), Bacillus cereus (16), Clostridium perfringens (11), Bacillus subtilis (1) and Hafnia alvei (1). No Clostridium botulinum cases were reported. Five incidents of trichinosis, three of paralytic shellfish poisoning, two involving insect infestation and one each of scombroid, lupin alkaloid and broom tea poisoning and an allergic reaction from beef adulterated with pork were reported. Chemicals implicated in causing illness included tin, rancid compounds, monosodium glutamate and extraneous matter. The deaths of three persons were attributed to salmonellosis and probable mushroom poisoning. About 33% of incidents and 38% of cases were associated with meat and poultry. Vegetables, fruits, bakery products and marine products were also important vehicles in causing foodborne disease. Mishandling of food took place mainly in foodservice establishments (38.9% of incidents, 59.3% of cases) and homes (13.3% of incidents, 7.0% of cases). However, mishandling by manufacturers caused some problems including salmonellosis from a cake and staphylococcal intoxication from canned fish and sausages. Over 53% of reported foodborne disease incidents occurred in Ontario and more than 18% in British Columbia, but the number of incidents per 100,000 population was highest in the Northwest Territories. Narrative reports of selected foodborne incidents are presented. Four waterborne disease outbreaks were reported in 1979 with a total of 73 cases. Lack of adequate water treatment led to the illnesses in at least three of the outbreaks.
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PMID:Foodborne and Waterborne Disease in Canada - 1979 Annual Summary. 3093 11

Data on foodborne disease in Canada in 1982 are compared with those for 1981. A total of 988 incidents comprising 791 outbreaks and 197 single cases, caused illnesses in 7,384 persons in 1982. These figures are greater than for 1981, and, in fact, the numbers of incidents and cases are the highest on record. Salmonella , Staphylococcus aureus , Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus caused most of the illnesses. The main Salmonella serovars were S. typhimurium , S. muenster and S. infantis . Escherichia coli 0157:H7 hemorrhagic colitis was reported for the first time. Parasitic diseases were caused by Trichinella spiralis and Giardia lamblia . The same number of animal related incidents occurred in 1982 and 1981 involving paralytic shellfish poison, scombroid poison and insect infestation of food. There were also 72 incidents and 113 cases of chemical origin; extraneous matter, rancid compounds and cleaning substances were the most frequently implicated. Unusual chemical problems included ammonia from decomposition in tuna, strychnine in vitamin pills (murder), tartaric acid in gum, excess licorice in candy, calcium chloride in a popsicle, sodium acetate in potato chips and sodium hydroxide in pretzels. Some of these are discussed in more details under the narrative reports. There were 15 deaths from salmonellosis, hemorrhagic colitis ( E. coli 0157:H7 infection), Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis and strychnine poisoning. About 30.7% of incidents and 40.1% of cases were associated with meat and poultry. Bakery products, marine foods and dairy foods were also important vehicles of foodborne disease. Mishandling of food took place mainly in foodservice establishments (38.1% of incidents, 75.7% of cases), homes (13.9% of incidents, 7.1% of cases) and food processing establishments (11.5% of incidents, 4.0% of cases). Chemicals, such as extraneous matter, sodium hydroxide and tin, were the agents associated with 51.8% of incidents caused by processors' mishandling. The three largest of these types of outbreaks, however, were associated with contamination by Salmonella or S. aureus (total of 102 cases). On a population basis incidents were greatest in Ontario, followed by those in British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Alberta. Reports of nine foodborne disease incidents are presented. In addition, four incidents of waterborne disease were documented in 1982, three fewer than in 1981. All were caused by ingestion of infectious agents but the nature of two of them was unknown. The largest out-break (121 cases) was a result of contamination of a town water supply by Giardia originating from beavers.
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PMID:Foodborne and Waterborne Disease in Canada - 1982 Annual Summary. 3097 72