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 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum iron concentrations were studied in two groups of Hausa women, one of pregnant subjects attending the antenatal clinics at a health centre and one of lactating subjects attending the centre's postnatal clinics. It was thought possible that the normal diet of the pregnant women had sufficient iron content to meet the women's increased demands for this metal. Of the pregnant women, 17% had serum iron concentrations of < or = 490 micrograms/litre [14% with microcytic hypochromia and a mean cell haemoglobin concentration (239 +/- 2 g/litre) indicative of iron deficiency, plus 3% with normocytic-microcytic hypochromia] and 7% had normocytic-microcytic cells and 525 +/- 25 micrograms iron/litre of serum. The low serum iron in 17% of the pregnant women may be the result of repeated pregnancies without proper child spacing, leading to maternal iron deficiency syndrome, or of infestation by the parasites that are prevalent in rural areas, or to both. None of the lactating mothers was found to be iron deficient and there were apparently no cases of haemosiderosis. Mean (+/- S.D.) blood haemoglobin concentrations (87.5 +/- 1.3 g/litre), packed cell volumes (32 +/- 3.2%), mean cell haemoglobin concentrations (274 +/- 37 g/litre) and serum iron concentrations (735 +/- 261 micrograms/litre) were all significantly lower in the pregnant women (P < 0.001) than in the lactating women (105.7 +/- 12.9 g/litre, 36.8 +/- 3.4%, 288 +/- 32 g/litre and 1154 +/- 277 micrograms/litre, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Diet and serum iron status in pregnant and lactating Hausa women in Kano State, Nigeria. 789 83

An assessment of the presence and patterns of porotic hyperostosis and periosteal reactions in the skeletal population (n = 1,014) from St. Helen-on-the-Walls, York, are used to examine health and disease in urban medieval England. The analyses of these two lesions indicate that 58% of the population display evidence of porotic hyperostosis and that 21.5% of the population display periosteal reactions. Through differential diagnosis it is asserted that porotic hyperostosis is associated with iron-deficiency anemia, and that periosteal reactions may be the result of endemic treponematosis and/or non-specific infection, including parasitic infestation. An association between the presence of remodeled lesions and adulthood is noticeable for both porotic hyperostosis and periosteal reactions, as is a pattern of increased average age at death for those displaying both conditions.
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PMID:Patterns of anemia and infection from medieval York, England. 831 61

Anemia in pregnancy continues to be a serious problem in many developing countries, with significant adverse effects for both mother and infant. This article summarizes the available literature on anemia in pregnancy in developing countries, with emphasis on prevalence, etiology, and consequences. Prevalence data, especially from rural populations, are inadequate and little effort has been made to establish local etiologic patterns. Although emphasis has been placed on the role of nutritional deficiencies (especially iron) in anemia, the etiology is likely multifactorial. The relative contribution of etiologic factors such as iron and folate deficiencies, hemoglobinopathies, and malaria and hookworm infestation vary by geographic region and season. Anemia in pregnancy has been associated with increased risks of premature labor and low birth weight. There is an immediate need to assess more carefully the local etiologic factors and then design new strategies for prevention and treatment.
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PMID:Anaemia in pregnancy in developing countries. 960 57

A nutrition survey was conducted in the rural Lindi District of Tanzania to determine the magnitude of anemia and iron deficiency in different age and sex groups as related to nutritional status, parasitic infections, food iron intake, and socioeconomic factors. In a 30-cluster sampling design, 660 households were randomly selected and a total of 2320 subjects aged 6 mo to 65 y were examined. Iron status was assessed by measuring hemoglobin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin in a finger-prick sample: 55% of the subjects had anemia and 61% of the anemia was associated with iron deficiency (erythrocyte protoporphyrin > 125 micromol/mol heme). Preschool children (aged < 5 y) were the most affected; 84% were anemic (hemoglobin < 110 g/L). Fifty percent of the nonanemic preschool children and approximately 90% of all the severely anemic subjects were iron deficient. Hemoglobin was lower in schoolchildren (aged 5-14 y) and in adolescent and adult males (aged > or = 15 y) with a low body mass index. Parasitic infections were only associated with anemia and iron deficiency in schoolchildren and adolescent and adult males. Malaria was associated with anemia (P < 0.001), whereas schistosomiasis was associated with anemia and iron deficiency (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Hookworm infestation was associated with iron deficiency (P < 0.05) and with anemia (P < 0.01) only in adolescents and adults. A mainly cereal-based diet with additional legumes and green vegetables was found by in vitro tests to contain high amounts of total iron but of low bioavailability. Estimation of the amount of iron absorbed confirmed inadequate iron nutrition. Although anemia is a result of a synergism of a variety of causes, iron deficiency remains the major cause.
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PMID:Low dietary iron availability is a major cause of anemia: a nutrition survey in the Lindi District of Tanzania. 966 11

This prospective study assessed the nutritional status and nutrient intake of preschool children in rural Saboba, northern Ghana. Study sample consisted of 518 preschool children aged 2.5-6 years drawn from 3 kindergartens and 5 other localities. Anthropometric measures of age, weight, and height were determined. Blood and stool samples were taken for analyses. Findings revealed that the nutritional status of these preschool children was poor, with 27% (140/519) stunted, 4.4% (23/519) wasted, and 1.9% (10/519) wasted and stunted. The majority (92%) of the children were anemic and 16.3% had a deficient level of vitamin A (10 mcg/dl). Total caloric intake was low (only 26.5% met the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values). Apart from protein and iron, whose RDA values were met in the majority of children (90%), the intake of other nutrients such as calcium, vitamin C, vitamin A, and provitamin A were low and unacceptable compared to their RDA values. Although intake of iron was sufficient, the high anemic rate (92%) was due to high incidence of malaria (32%), hookworm infestation, low vitamin C intake, and low bioavailability of iron from the mainly cereal diet. From these findings researchers concluded that the poor nutritional status of the children was due largely to the low intake of essential nutrients.
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PMID:Nutritional status and nutrient intake of preschool children in northern Ghana. 1068 22

Severe anaemia in pregnancy is an important contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. In sub-Saharan Africa severe anaemia in pregnancy is very common, the main causes being iron and folate deficiency, malaria, hookworm infestation and advanced HIV infection. Though most of these causes are preventable, the overall prevalence of anaemia has not changed over many years. This is probably due to a mixture of reasons, including operational problems and inadequate interventions. In addition, a true effect on severe anaemia may have been missed if the only measure taken is of the overall prevalence of anaemia. One cause of anaemia that has been neglected by safe-motherhood programmes has been malaria in pregnancy. In endemic areas, malaria in pregnancy is usually asymptomatic and often associated with a negative peripheral-blood film. Hence the condition needs to be treated and prevented as a matter of routine in all women at risk of infection. A trial conducted in Kenya demonstrated that intermittent treatment with the antimalarial sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), given a couple of times during pregnancy when women attend for antenatal care, can reduce severe anaemia in primigravidae by 39%. The results of this study demonstrate the important contribution of malaria to severe anaemia in pregnancy in areas of endemic transmission. Intermittent treatment with SP in pregnancy has also been shown to be effective in improving birthweight. Though questions remain about the optimal way to deliver this intervention to different groups of women, we cannot afford to wait for all of the answers. The degree to which malaria contributes to severe anaemia in pregnancy is now clear. In Kenya intermittent SP is now policy for pregnant women from malarious areas. The challenge now is for this regimen to be successfully implemented as part of an integrated programme of anaemia control in pregnancy.
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PMID:Malaria in pregnancy: its relevance to safe-motherhood programmes. 1071 89

Iron deficiency is the single most common nutritional disorder world-wide and the main cause of anaemia in infancy, childhood and pregnancy. It is prevalent in most of the developing world and it is probably the only nutritional deficiency of consideration in industrialised countries. In the developing world the prevalence of iron deficiency is high, and is due mainly to a low intake of bioavailable iron. However, in this setting, iron deficiency often co-exists with other conditions such as, malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, folate deficiency, and infection. In tropical regions, parasitic infestation and haemoglobinopathies are also a common cause of anaemia. In the developed world iron deficiency is mainly a single nutritional problem. The conditions previously mentioned might contribute to the development of iron deficiency or they present difficulties in the laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency.
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PMID:Anaemia and iron deficiency disease in children. 1074 44

This paper describes a primary health care approach to an infestation of indigenous goats by the common cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. The flea species was identified using scanning electron microscopy. The infested goats were kept on communal grazing at Winterveld in the North-West Province. They were penned at night in housing made of wire and corrugated iron. The owner complained that the goats were lethargic. Fleas were found on the goats and flea larvae were found in the kraal. Haematology and blood biochemistry performed on the infested goats revealed no abnormalities; however, infestation caused irritation that made the animals lethargic. Available flea control methods for domestic animals were appraised in terms of cost, availability and ease of administration at a primary animal health care level using participatory extension methods. It was found that a carbamate powder was available, affordable and effective for flea control in this small flock of goats kept under communal grazing conditions. Although the authors had observed fleas on goats kept under similar conditions elsewhere in Mpumalanga and the North-West Province, this was the 1st time that the species had been identified.
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PMID:A primary animal health care approach to treatment and control of flea (Ctenocephalides felis) infestation in indigenous goats kept on communal grazing. 1085 18

Mineral content of three insect (pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L.) infested legumes viz. chick pea, mung pea and pigeon pea stored for six months and treated with three edible oils viz. groundnut, mustard and coconut oil has been studied. With increase in storage period significant increase in calcium, phosphorus and iron content of untreated legumes was observed. After three months of storage slight increase in three minerals was observed in the legumes treated with coconut oil which continued till the end of sixth months as compared to other two oil treated counterparts. The storage period was associated with insect infestation which in turn influenced the mineral content of legumes. Ground nut and mustard oils were able to protect legumes for six months against insect infestation when applied in small amounts (0.5%). Whereas coconut oil had protective effect against insect infestation for four months only.
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PMID:Mineral content of insect infested stored legumes treated with edible oils. 1119 Aug 36

An estimated 50% of pregnant women in Africa are anemic-- a condition that has been linked to intrauterine growth retardation, increased perinatal mortality, low birthweight, compromised immunity, and possible psychomotor and cognitive impairments. In tropical Africa, iron and folate deficiencies and malaria are the major causes of anemia in pregnancy. Iron deficiency anemia results from a combination of dietary insufficiency, excessive requirements associated with multiparity, and chronic blood loss from hookworm infestation. An essential component of maternal-child health services in Africa is prevention of anemia and therapeutic management once severe anemia is documented. Since 35% of nonpregnant African women are anemic, many women will enter pregnancy with inadequate iron stores. Thus, the prophylactic dose of iron should be at least 120 mg/day rather than the usual 60 mg dose. Unfortunately, increased dosages of iron increase the side effects of constipation and nausea, so careful counseling is necessary to ensure compliance. Folic acid, which has no side effects, should be administered in doses of 1.5 mg/day. To reduce the risk of malaria, a therapeutic dose of chloroquine should be administered at the 1st prenatal visit (600 mg for 2 days and 300 mg on the 3rd day) followed by proguanil (100 mg/day) until delivery. In cases where anemia persists or emerges, the iron dose should be increased to 200 mg of ferrous sulfate 3 time/day (180 m,g of elemental iron) and 5 mg of folic acid should be provided. Blood transfusion should be used sparingly and only in severe cases, given the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
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PMID:Towards a more effective management of pregnancy related anaemias in Africa. 1231 81


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