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Yirrkala is an Aboriginal community in north-east Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory. Residents aged five years and over participated in a survey to establish the prevalence and causes of anaemia. Eleven per cent were anaemic (haemoglobin level less than 110 g/L). Most of these were iron deficient, and this deficiency was attributed, at least in part, to hookworm infestation; 15% were folate deficient; none was vitamin B12 deficient. There was no haemoglobinopathy, thalassaemia trait or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency detected.
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PMID:Anaemia in Yirrkala. 372 17

The iron status in children with sickle cell anaemia has been studied in 45 patients. The mean haemoglobin level was 7.4 g/dl (s.d. 1.7) and the white cell count more than 11 X 10(9)/l in 35 (78%). Bone marrow examination showed depletion of iron stores of 21 (47%). The total iron binding capacity was elevated in most of the children and serum iron was below the normal mean level for age in 14 (31%) children. The possible causes of iron deficiency in some of these children include dietary deficiency, infections, malabsorption, blood loss through hookworm infestation and growth spurt. In the management of a child with sickle cell disease, iron administration is not recommended unless there is evidence of coexisting iron deficiency.
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PMID:Iron deficiency in sickle cell anaemia in Nigerian children. 618 85

The biochemical profile [levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chlorides and iron, the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the concentrations of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, urea, glucose, and vitamins A and E] was studied in the blood serum of 40 anoestrous and 40 control inseminated animals in a production herd with an increased occurrence of anoestrus in gilts. The anoestrous gilts showed significantly lower levels of albumin (P less than 0.01) and glucose (P less than 0.01) and ALP activity (P less than 0.05), and significantly higher concentrations of urea (P less than 0.01), vitamin A (P less than 0.01) and vitamin E (P less than 0.05) and ALT activity (P less than 0.05), as compared with the inseminated controls. An extended enzymatological examination consisting of the evaluation of the activities of ALP, AST, ALT and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GMT) was performed in another set of 22 anoestrous and 20 mated gilts. The anoestrous gilts showed a statistically significant increase in the activities of AST (P less than 0.01), GMT (P less than 0.01) and ALT (P less than 0.05) and an insignificant increase in the activity of ALP in comparison with the control animals. The comparison of the obtained values of the studied biochemical criteria with literary data indicated a lower concentration of magnesium and a higher ALP and ALT activities in the anoestrous and inseminated gilts in both groups under study. A high acidity of fat and a medium to high fungus infestation (Mucor sp., Aspergillus sp.) were found by chemical and mycological examination of the administered feed mixtures. The histological examination of the ovaries of anoestrous animals showed cystically degenerative changes, proliferations of fibrous elements, and partial atrophy of ovarial cortex. It has been inferred from the observations that mycotoxins may be involved in the increase in the occurrence of anoestrus, either by a direct effect on sexual organs or by impairing the function of liver which, secondarily contributes to the rise of ovarial dysfunctions.
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PMID:[Changes in selected biochemical indicators in blood serum in anestrous gilts]. 640 28

Iron in food is classified as belonging to the haem pool, the nonhaem pool, and extraneous sources. Haem iron is derived from vegetable and animal sources with varying bioavailability. Hookworm infestation of the intestinal tract affects 450 million people in the tropics. Schistosoma mansoni caused blood loss in 7 Egyptian patients of 7.5- 25.9 ml/day which is equivalent to a daily loss of iron of .6-7.3 mg daily urinary loss of iron in 9 Egyptian patients. Trichuris trichiura infestation by whipworm is widespread in children with blood loss of 5 ml/day/worm. The etiology of anemia in children besides iron deficiency includes malaria, bacterial or viral infections, folate deficiency and sickle-cell disease. Severe infections cause profound iron-deficiency anemia in children in central American and Malaysia. Plasmodium falciparum malaria-induced anaemia in tropical Africa lowers the mean haemoglobin concentration in the population by 2 g/dI, causing profound anaemia in some. The increased risk of premature delivery, low birthweight, fetal abnormalities, and fetal death is directly related to the degree of maternal anemia. Perinatal mortality was reduced from 38 to 4% in treated anemic mothers. Mental performance was significantly lower in anemic school children and improved after they received iron. Supplements of iron, soy-protein, calcium, and vitamins given to villagers with widespread malnutrition, iron deficiency, and hookworm infestation in Colombia reduced enteric infections in children. Severe iron-deficiency anemia was treated in adults in northern Nigeria by daily in Ferastral 10 ml, which is equivalent to 500 mg of iron per day. Choloroquine, folic acid, rephenium hydroxynaphthoate, and tetrachlorethylene treat adults with severe iron deficiency from hookworm infestation in rural tropical Africa. Blood transfusion is indicated if the patient is dying of anaemia or is pregnant with a haemoglobin concentration 6 gm/dl. In South East Asia, mg per day prevented iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Field-trials on nutritional iron deficiency include an acidified milk formula plus ferrous sulphate for infants; biscuits with added bovine hemoglobin for children in Chile; sugar plus sodium ferric EDTA in Guatemala; salt with ferric orthophosphate and sodium acid sulphate in India; and Salt with ferrous sulphate plus sodium hexametaphosphate.
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PMID:Iron deficiency in the tropics. 704 57

The efficacy of salt fortified with iron (FePO4 and NaHSO4) to control anemia was investigated by large scale field trials in three rural areas and one urban area located in different parts of India, each covering a total population of 4000 to 6000. Hb levels were determined before the introduction of the fortified salt and at six monthly intervals thereafter. Iron-fortified salt was acceptable to the population and its consumption for a period of 12 to 18 months was without any untoward effects. At the end of 12 to 18 months of consumption of iron-fortified salt, a significant improvement in the Hb-levels and a significant reduction in the incidence of anemia was observed in all the test areas. In one of the rural areas tested, there was a high incidence of hookworm infestation and iron-fortified salt showed a significant impact on Hb levels even in this area. Deworming concomitant with distribution of iron-fortified salt was shown to have only a marginal additional benefit.
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PMID:Use of common salt fortified with iron in the control and prevention of anemia--a collaborative study. Report of the Working Group on Fortification of Salt with Iron. 708 Nov 25

Ferritin, iron status, and hematological parameters--Hb, hematocrit--were determined in 172 mature women at screening visits in first aid medical care units located in Senegal. Of the subjects 36.6, 39.5, 34.9% had Hb, hematocrit, and ferritin levels below accepted norms (i.e., Hb less than 11 g/dl, hematocrit less than 33%, serum ferritin less than 10 ng/ml). Serum iron level was normal (greater than 50 micrograms/dl) in 94.2% of the subjects, but 48.3% had marginal levels (51 to 100 micrograms/dl). The distribution curves of Hb level in the population indicates that about 58% of the women had Hb less than 12 g/dl. Furthermore, the very low serum ferritin levels (less than 20 ng/ml) encountered in 75.6% of subjects, demonstrate the small size of their iron stores. This precarious iron balance indicates that these women are at a high risk of nutritional anemia. Numerous factors such as pregnancy or parasitical infestation can dramatically modify this iron balance and increase the prevalence of anemia in this population.
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PMID:Ferritin and iron status in Senegalese women. 710 87

Four coastal Aboriginal settlements in the northwest area of Australia have been investigated for plasma trace metal status--Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), and Iron (Fe). The 350 Aboriginals were considered in two groups; five to 20 years of age and 20 to 70 years of age. Forty per cent to 50% had plasma Zn levels below two standard deviations from the normal and 60% to 70% had plasma Cu levels greater than two standard deviations above the normal (almost 100% at Kalumburu). Hypoferraemia was common. These results are more significant than those of a previous study of 350 individuals living at two inland settlements. The coastal missions have access to fresh meat and fish, and at Kalumburu food is prepared for the people. While the climate, soil, and the Aboriginal predilection for white flour may play a role, it is speculated that the Zn deficiency is related to parasitic infestation in the intestine, loss of blood, and failure of zinc absorption.
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PMID:Evidence for zinc deficiency in aboriginal settlements in Northwestern Australia. 725 81

Concentrations of hemoglobin and serum nutrients that participate in the erythropoiesis (iron, folic acid and vitamin B12) were studied in 213 adolescents (112 male, 101 female) belonging to a medium income group that assisted at a private secondary educational institution. The purpose of the present work was to observe the hematologic and nutrient status in this group and its relationship with the academic achievement. The level of academic performance was determined using the Final mean grades (0 to 20 points scale) and the Academic Achievement index (A.A.I.) calculated as the ratio of approved courses over the total. A high prevalence of iron (16.6%) and folate (14.2%) deficiency was found in the total group with predominance in the female adolescents. It was noted a relationship between anemic men and A.A.I. (p < 0.05) and no other difference was observed between individuals with nutritional deficiency and their academic achievement. Therefore, when it was established as cut-off point 20 micrograms/L for ferritin, a good correlation was found between iron status and academic achievement index (r = 0.411, p < 0.01). The hematologic and biochemical data were correlated with academic parameters. A positive correlation was obtained between A.A.I. and hemoglobin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) in males. When using Final mean grades, a positive correlation was shown with folic acid (males) and vitamin B12 (females). This work reveals a high incidence of iron and folate deficiency, specially in the female adolescent group. These findings may be due to a inadequate dietary intake combined with an increase of nutritional requirements and probably parasitic infestation. These factors may contribute to an impairement of the academic achievement. It will be important the assessment of iron and folate status of the adolescent for the normal and integral development of his cognitive and psychomotor functions.
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PMID:[Hemoglobin and nutrient concentration in middle-class adolescents. Relationship with school performance]. 754 5

Two flocks of Nicholas tom turkeys from separate farms with histories of above-average condemnations for turkey green-liver osteomyelitis complex (TOC) were studied throughout a 16-week growout. Fifty birds from each farm were necropsied each week for 15 weeks, and birds that had green livers, osteomyelitis in the proximal tibia, or swollen joints were cultured for aerobic bacteria along with an equal number of control birds. At processing, TOC lesions and green livers were obtained for bacterial culture and histopathology. Green-liver-associated TOC was not observed until the turkeys were 9 or 10 weeks of age. The incidence of TOC was higher on one farm, which also had a higher incidence of airsacculitis, higher early and weekly mortality, seroconversion to Newcastle disease virus and Mycoplasma meleagridis, and significantly higher average body weights, relative spleen weights, and relative liver weights. Both farms had a high incidence of intestinal lesions and infestation with Ascaridia dissimilis. Histological evaluation of green livers revealed hyperplasia of bile ducts, dilation of sinusoids, and pigment-containing Kupffer's cells, some of which stained positive for iron. The bacterial isolates most frequently cultured from bones and livers were pleomorphic gram-variable coccobacilli, which grew visible colonies only after a series of subcultures and extended incubation.
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PMID:A longitudinal study of green-liver osteomyelitis complex in commercial turkeys. 770 7

This chapter discusses different methods to prevent iron deficiency--to reduce iron losses (e.g. reducing menstrual iron losses by using a contraceptive pill or combating of hookworm infestation) or to increase iron absorption. Iron absorption can be increased (1) by modifying the composition of meals--increasing the content of dietary factors enhancing iron absorption (e.g. meat and ascorbic acid) or reducing the content of factors inhibiting iron absorption such as phytate and iron-binding phenolic compounds, (2) by increasing the iron content of the diet by fortification with iron, or by (3) supplementation with iron tablets. Several factors to consider in the choice of strategy are discussed such as the importance of the bioavailability of the diet for the efficacy of iron fortification, the choice of vehicle for iron fortification that is compatible with the iron compound used, the feasibility to increase the bioavailability of the dietary iron by modification of the composition of the diet and the short time available in pregnancy to ensure a sufficient supply of the extra iron needed limiting the effective measures available to supplementation with iron tablets.
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PMID:Prevention of iron deficiency. 788 Nov 55


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