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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Naturally acquired immunity to buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) infestation was examined in cattle. Animals exposed to flies had serum antibodies to buffalo fly antigens at levels that correlated with the intensity of exposure. Two weeks of intense exposure to buffalo fly induced an increase in peripheral blood eosinophil numbers and a concomitant rise in serum antibody levels in exposed animals. Antigens specific for antibody induced by natural exposure were identified using antisera from exposed cattle to probe Western blots of whole fly homogenate separated using SDS-PAGE. Similar immunoreactive bands were found with buffalo fly saliva. Immunoreactive proteins were partially purified from whole fly homogenates by anion-exchange chromatography. Fractions eluted from columns were screened using Western blots probed with serum from exposed animals. Exposed animals showed immediate hypersensitivity to partially purified antigens and to buffalo fly saliva. Flies which fed on exposed animals with high serum levels of antibody to fly antigens did not show greater mortality than flies fed on unexposed animals.
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PMID:Acquired immune response of cattle exposed to buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua). 149 94

High Titre, Ascaris specific, porcine reaginic antibody was induced by combining parasitic infestation and antigen challenge. The reagin was characterised as being heat labile at 56 degrees C, possessing long term skin sensitising activity, and as having physicochemical properties similar to IgE in other species. Porcine IgE was purified by conventional immunochemical techniques, and an epsilon chain isolate prepared using SDS-PAGE gel excision and electro elution. Antisera raised against the intact IgE molecule and its epsilon chain were rendered monospecific by immunoabsorption and characterised by reverse cutaneous anaphylaxis (RCA) testing, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis inhibition, immunohistology and Western blotting. These antisera are currently being used to study the regulation of IgE responses in the pig.
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PMID:Isolation of porcine IgE, and preparation of polyclonal antisera. 823 96

A study was conducted using rabbits to ascertain the effects of immunity induced with salivary gland antigens (SGA) on naturally acquired host resistance, which was confirmed by exposing groups of rabbits to adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann) ticks. A reciprocal experiment was conducted to establish the effect of naturally acquired resistance on vaccination with SGA. After the acquisition of resistance by either method of vaccination, rabbits were then challenged with the 3 life stages of the tick. Results of the experiment demonstrated 3 phenomena: infestation of rabbits with 60 adult ticks leads to high protection in terms of reduction in the engorged weight against adult ticks, larvae, and nymphs (88.6, 31.5, and 55.9%, respectively); vaccination alone provides 53.9, 29.7, and 35.7% reduction in adult, larval, and nymphal ticks, respectively; and vaccination of rabbits already exposed to adult tick infestation appeared to have no additive immunological benefit above that already provided by adult ticks. Sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting analyses revealed that antibodies with high avidity to SGA were directed to a 39-kDa polypeptide. This polypeptide was not revealed by sera from rabbits that were first infested with adult ticks. Sera from rabbits that were first vaccinated with SGA consistently reacted with the 39-kDa polypeptide. Sera from rabbits that were infested recognized strongly a 42-kDa polypeptide among 5 polypeptides in the SGA. Results of the experiment show that resistance resulting from adult tick infestation is not augmented by immunity caused by vaccination with SGA.
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PMID:Immunity induced by vaccination with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus salivary gland antigens does not augment protective immunity acquired naturally by exposing rabbits to adult ticks. 869 49

A main point of immunoparasitological research in regard to pest arthropod-infestation is biochemical and immunological characterization of antigens. Precondition of own examinations to the specific protein pattern of mange mites were in quality and amount sufficient antigen preparations in mite extract solutions. For mite separation and antigen refinement field strains of Chorioptes bovis, Psoroptes ovis, Sarcoptes suis and Notoedres cati from definitive host animals cattle, sheep, pig and cat have been used. Parasites were isolated in a migration procedure. After having applicated subepidermally a low dose of mite extract solutions in sensitized animals allergic skin changes (Immediate reaction type 1) became apparent. SDS-PAGE exhibited specific protein patterns of 4 pathogen mite species. For Chorioptes bovis 16, Psoroptes ovis 15, Sarcoptes suis 27, and Notoedres cati 36 fractions have been detected. Proteins are antigens or allergen structures to be found in saliva, faecal output or moulting products of developmental stages and other metabolites of the parasites. Protein components were transferred onto nitrocellulosis. Immunoblotting made fractions with antigen activity visible.
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PMID:[Allergenicity and specific protein profiles of mange mites Chorioptes bovis, Psoroptes ovis (Acari: Psoroptidae), Saroptes suis and Notoedres cati (Acari: Sarcoptidae) using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting]. 918 11

The imported red fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is a problematic pest in the Southern United States. The stages of development for these ants are as follows: egg, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar larvae, prepupae, pupae, and adult. The 4th instar larvae plays an important role in the survival of the colony in that it is totally responsible for the digestion of solid foods and the source of nutrients for the queen and adult workers. In our studies we have been successful in purifying and characterizing four proteinases from the 4th instar larvae. Based on substrate specificity, they appear to represent two chymotrypsin-like and two elastase-like proteinases. These are referred to as Soli C1, Soli C2, Soli E1, and Soli E2, with molecular masses of 25, 28, 23, and 24 kDa, respectively, based on SDS-PAGE. All enzymes were inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, a general serine class inhibitor. Various synthetic substrates with either Phe or Val in the P1 position, were readily cleaved by Soli C1/C2 or E1/E2, respectively. Each enzyme has been characterized as to pH optimum, pH stability, isoelectrofocusing and susceptibility to inhibition by a broad range of natural and synthetic proteinase inhibitors. Such compounds may prove useful for the development of insecticides to control fire ant infestation.
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PMID:Proteolytic enzymes from larvae of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Isolation and characterization of four serine endopeptidases. 960 55

Infestations of humans with the parasitic nematode T. canis are common in both developing and industrialized countries. Most infestations induce a clinically inapparent course of infection, however, severe clinical manifestations, i.e. visceral larva migrans (VLM) or ocular larva migrans (OLM) syndromes are observed. To find an explanation for the different courses of toxocarosis we examined several serological parameters: the expression of (i) specific IgE (Immunoblot, IB), (ii) specific IgG subclasses (IgG1-4, ELISA and the formation of (iii) IgE/anti-IgE immune complexes. Serum samples were obtained from persons with symptomatic (VLM, OLM) and asymptomatic course (AS) of the infestation. As antigen, T. canis excretory/secretory (TES) antigen from L3 larvae was used. Reactivity of IgE against SDS-PAGE separated TES antigens was marginally higher in toxocarosis patients (35%) than in asymptomatics (24%), but without statistical significance. TES-specific IgG (1-4), predominant subclass in all three groups was IgG1, followed by IgG2, IgG4 and IgG3. Subclass IgG1, 2, 4 showed significant differences between patients with VLM associated symptoms and asymptomatic persons (P < 0.001) but not between patients with OLM associated symptoms and asymptomatics. Significantly elevated levels of IgE/anti-IgE immune complexes were detected in sera of patients with symptomatic course of the disease, both VLM and OLM (P < 0.001). Whereas specific IgG may act via antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mechanisms, IgE/anti-IgE immune complexes might possibly participate in VLM and OLM by inducing type III hypersensitivity.
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PMID:Toxocara infestations in humans: symptomatic course of toxocarosis correlates significantly with levels of IgE/anti-IgE immune complexes. 971 92

The antibody response of European eels (Anguilla anguilla, L.) to the branchial parasites Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae and P. bini under hyperoxygenation conditions was studied. The antigenic fractions of parasites were detected by means of electrophoretic techniques (SDS-PAGE) and by Western blot analysis. The results obtained demonstrate that under hyperoxygenation conditions, the eels responded to a greater number of proteins, and this was correlated with a decrease in the level of infestation.
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PMID:Antigenicity of Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae and P. bini (Monogenea) in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla, L.) under different oxygenation conditions. 1240 Aug 62

The phenoloxidase (PO) activity of the haemolymph and haemocytes from three clam species of commercial interest (Ruditapes philippinarum, Chamelea gallina and Tapes decussatus) has been compared. The activity was assayed spectrophotometrically by recording the formation of dopachrome from L-DOPA using sodium dodecyl sulphate, laminarin, trypsin or lipopolysaccharide as elicitors. Fewer PO units were observed in the haemolymph from T. decussatus than in the haemolymph from R. philippinarum, while the highest values were found in C. gallina. In all cases the activity was only significantly increased when sodium dodecyl sulphate was used as elicitor. PO activity in the haemocytes of all three clam species showed a very similar pattern to that found in the haemolymph from the same species. Furthermore, T. decussatus naturally parasitized by Perkinsus atlanticus (Protozoa, Apicomplexa) was used to study the influence of such infestation on PO activity, which was found to increase significantly in both haemolymph and haemocytes compared with non-infected (control) samples. PO activity in the haemocytes and in the haemolymph was higher when the level of parasitization was low or medium, respectively, and SDS was used as elicitor. No statistically significant differences were observed when the parasitization level was high. The present work constitutes the first report on the influence of this parasite on PO activity in haemolymph and haemocytes from T. decussatus.
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PMID:Phenoloxidase activity in three commercial bivalve species. Changes due to natural infestation with Perkinsus atlanticus. 1597 98

This report is designed to provide additional information regarding larval soluble proteins toward the planned development of a comprehensive database of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus proteins that elicit a humoral immune response in cattle as a result of natural ectoparasite infestation. Larval proteins of R. microplus are complex and the protein profile is not dominated by any major proteins. This report focuses upon an S-300 Sephacryl (molecular sieve) column fraction, fraction 3 (BmLF3). With the use of SDS-PAGE (without-2ME) and Western blotting with a composite pool of pre- and post-R. microplus larval infestation antiserum BmLF3 was found to contain 7 apparent common ixodid major antigens (207.3, 171.9, 98.0, 86.5, 65.7, 58.9, and 38.0 kDa), those potentially shared with other ixodid species, and 2 apparent R. microplus specific antigens evidenced by low-level antibody binding in crude BmLF3 (149.4 kDa) and HPLC peak 8 of BmLF3 (116.0 kDa). In addition, BmLF3 contains potent inhibitors of trypsin activity. However, these inhibitors of trypsin did not appear to elicit host antibodies as a result of natural ectoparasite exposure, as defined by Western blotting of reduced and denatured trypsin binding proteins purified by affinity chromatography.
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PMID:Serologically defined Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus larval antigens in BmLF3, a partially pure Sephacryl S-300 fraction of crude larval proteins. 1856 21

Host physiological events in relation to infestation by parasitic nematodes are not well documented. Soybean plant responses to Meloidogyne incognita infestation were compared to resistant (Bryan) and susceptible (Brim) cultivars at 0, 1, 3, 10, 20, and 34 days after infestation (DAI). The resistant cultivar had higher chitinase activity than the susceptible cultivar at every sample time beginning at 3 DAI. Results from isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis analyses indicated that three acidic chitinase isozymes with isoelectric points (pIs) of 4.8, 4.4, and 4.2 accumulated to a greater extent in the resistant compared to the susceptible cultivar following challenge. SDS-PAGE analysis of root proteins revealed that two proteins with molecular weights of approximately 31 and 46 kD accumulated more rapidly and to a higher level in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivar. Additionally, three major protein bands (33, 22, and 20 kD) with chitinase activity were detected with a modified SDS-PAGE analysis in which glycolchitin was added into the gel matrix. These results indicate that higher chitinase activity and early induction of specific chitinase isozymes may be associated with resistance to root-knot nematode in soybean.
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PMID:Activity and Differential Induction of Chitinase Isozymes in Soybean Cultivars Resistant or Susceptible to Root-knot Nematodes. 1927 89


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