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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) levels of cotton scouts inspecting foliage for insect infestation and damage were monitored. Group means for ChE activity were significantly depressed at one or more time(s) during four of the eight growing seasons studied. Although no symptoms of organophosphate poisoning were confirmed, several scouts exhibited ChE depressions over 50% of pre-exposure levels.
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PMID:Exposure of field workers to organophosphorus insecticides: cotton. 48 11

A number of enzymes, presumably secreted by larvae of B. microplus under natural feeding conditions, have been investigated in the skin of previously unexposed calves 4 h after infestation at the attachment site. Carboxylic ester hydrolase activity was demonstrated in the dermis, immediately adjacent to the mouthparts, or in the attachment cone, depending on substrate and reaction pH. The carboxylic ester hydrolase acting on naphthol AS-D acetate (2-acetoxy-3-naphthoic-O-toluidide) at pH 7-1 was characteristically found in the dermis and not in the attachment cone. The use of specific inhibitors showed that this enzyme was primarily a B-esterase or carboxylesterase with possibly a small portion of C-esterase or acetylesterase. It is postulated that carboxylic ester hydrolase could contribute to the dilation observed in the subepidermal capillaries adjacent to the attachment sites of unexposed animals, through the formation of plasma kinins. Other enzymes demonstrated in the dermis, adjacent to the mouthparts, were triacylglycerol lipase, as an aggregated deposit, and small amounts of aminopeptidase (microsomal) and monophenol monooxygenase. Aminopeptidase (microsomal) was also demonstrated in the attachment cone or adjacent epidermis, according to the substrate used. No activity was found in the host tissue, in association with the attachment site, for either alkaline or acid phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase or cholinesterase, peroxidase or amine oxidase (flavin-containing), despite the intense histochemical reaction for the latter in the tissues of larvae.
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PMID:Boophilus microplus: characterization of enzymes introduced into the host. 102 62

Two groups (A and C) of range cows were treated in February with chlorpyrifos (16 mL Dursban 44/cow) for the control of heavy infestations of the short-nosed cattle louse. Group A was treated in 1977 and group C in 1979 and each treated group was compared with a separate untreated group. Some of the treated cows were identified as carriers of louse infestation (subgroups A1 and C1), while others were noncarriers (subgroups A2 and C2). The maximum level of reduction in louse populations was 99% at week 4 posttreatment in subgroup A1, 99% from weeks 2-16 posttreatment in subgroup A2, 92% at week 3 posttreatment in subgroup C1 and 100% at weeks 15-17 in subgroup C2. Clinically, the treated cows, which were anemic at the time of treatment, recovered from anemia during the posttreatment period of 25 weeks for group A and 17 weeks for group C. Remission of anemia also occurred in the two untreated groups, possibly because of natural summer decline in louse population. The treatment had no effect on the whole blood cholinesterase of the cows and the treated cows showed no signs of organophosphorous toxicity.
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PMID:Chlorpyrifos for control of the short-nosed cattle louse, Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch) (Anoplura, Haematopinidae) during winter. 241 14

Farm workers generally are exposed to a combination of synthetic agricultural chemicals and natural products while working in the fields. These biologically active compounds control infestation of tobacco by insects, and plant growth. We have investigated, in vitro, the effects of acephate (AP), cadmium (Cd), methamidophos (MAP), maleic hydrazide (MH), and nicotine (NI) on the activities of the erythrocyte enzymes delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and plasma cholinesterase (CHE). ALAD, SOD, and plasma CHE were assayed, using aminolevulinic acid, pyrogallol, or butyryl thiocholine as substrates, respectively. Different concentrations of the above chemicals were used to obtain minimum and maximum inhibition of the enzymes, and for the development of inhibition dose response curves. These curves were used to determine the concentration of each chemical required to inhibit 50% of enzyme activity (I50). The I50 concentrations of various chemicals for each enzyme were determined in mM for ALAD: AP=95.5, Cd=1.4x10(-3), MH=2.8, MAP=7.1, NI=60.8; for SOD: AP=1.2, Cd=0.8x10(-7), MH=0.04, MAP=0.42, NI=0.81; for CHE: AP=5.6, Cd=18. 8x10(-5), MAP=18.4x10(-4); CHE was not inhibited by MH and NI. Our data indicate that AP inhibited both SOD and CHE to a maximum of 91 and 87%, while MH inhibited both SOD and ALAD to a maximum 78 and 90%. However, SOD was the enzyme that was most sensitive to all the agricultural-chemicals tested in this study. The inhibition of these enzymes will enable the development of a sensitive biomarker and the assessment of long term health risks in farm workers.
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PMID:Comparative inhibition of enzymes of human erythrocytes and plasma in vitro by agricultural chemicals. 868 97

Demodex canis infestation in dogs remains one of the main challenges in veterinary dermatology. The exact pathogenesis of canine demodicosis is unknown but an aberration in immune status is considered very significant. No studies have underpinned the nexus between induction of demodicosis and neural immunosuppressive pathways so far. We have evaluated the involvement of cholinergic pathways in association with cytokines regulation as an insight into the immuno-pathogenesis of canine demodicosis in the present study. Remarkable elevations in circulatory immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 and cholinesterase activity were observed in dogs with demodicosis. Simultaneously, remarkable reduction in circulatory pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha level was observed in dogs with demodicosis. Findings of the present study evidently suggest that Demodex mites might be affecting the cholinergic pathways to induce immunosuppression in their host and then proliferate incessantly in skin microenvironment to cause demodicosis.
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PMID:Demodex canis regulates cholinergic system mediated immunosuppressive pathways in canine demodicosis. 2858 18

Dichlorvos (DDVP) has been abused in Nigeria for suicide attempts, topical applications to treat an ectoparasitic infestation, and indiscriminate use on farm produce. Exposure to this compound in subacute concentration can cause toxicity in different tissues by alteration of the cellular antioxidative defence mechanism. This analysis is aimed at the systematic profiling of DDVP to assess its cytotoxic and mutagenic potential for human vulnerability using an in silico classification model. DDVP was grouped into categories of analogue chemical compounds generated from inventories based on structural alerts that measure the biological effects on cell lines and animal models using the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model. The cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of DDVP was assessed by analyzing target endpoints like skin sensitization, oral/inhalation toxicity, neurotoxicity and mutagenicity. DDVP shows moderate sensitization potential that can induce skin irritation during prolonged exposure because of the presence of dichlorovenyl side-chain that interacts with cellular proteins and causes degradation. 50% lethal dose (LD50) of DDVP per body weight was determined to be 26.2 mg/kg in a rat model at 95% confidence range for acute oral toxicity, and 14.4 mmol/L was estimated as 50% lethal concentration (LC50) in the atmosphere due to acute inhalation toxicity. DDVP can also inhibit acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system to produce nicotinic and muscarinic symptoms like nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, salivation, bradycardia, and respiratory failure may cause death. The widely used pesticide causes weak DNA methylation which can repress gene transcription on promoter sites. DDVP is volatile so it can cause oral and inhalation toxicity coupled with neurotoxicity during prolonged exposure. Serum cholinesterase blood tests should be encouraged in federal and state hospitals to investigate related health challenges as DDVP is still used in Nigeria.
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PMID:Assessment of the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of dichlorvos (DDVP) using in silico classification model; a health hazard awareness in Nigeria. 3297 1