Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The most common form of lower airway disease (LAD) in dogs is chronic bronchitis, whereas in cats a syndrome resembling chronic bronchial asthma in humans is commonly reported. In most cases, the cause(s) of LAD remains unproven. The primary symptom of LAD in dogs and cats is chronic cough, although many cats are free of symptoms between episodes of acute, life-threatening bronchoconstriction. Diagnosis is based on a careful history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests designed to rule out other causes of cough and dyspnea such as pneumonia, heartworm infestation, and congestive heart failure. More sophisticated tests, such as bronchoscopy, flow volume loops, and radioisotope ventilation scans are available to define the extent of the disease process better. Glucocorticoids remain the mainstay of chronic therapy for most dogs and cats with LAD. Bronchodilators are indicated for most cats with symptoms of acute bronchoconstriction, whereas a smaller number of dogs may respond to bronchodilator administration and demonstrate an increase in exercise capacity and a decrease in cough frequency. LAD in dogs and cats is a progressive disorder, and prognosis is guarded. Nevertheless, with aggressive medical management many of these animals can live relatively symptom-free lives.
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PMID:Chronic lower airway disease in the dog and cat. 164 17

In a prospective study conducted in four villages of North Arcot Ambedkar district of Tamil Nadu in south India over a 5 yr period from 1981-86, 279 patients were detected to have pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Thirty one of them were found to have associated hypereosinophilia (HE) with total blood eosinophil level of > or = 2000 per cumm; besides cough with expectoration they also complained of dyspnoea and wheeze. Twelve of the 18 patients with intestinal parasites had remission with deworming agents alone. The other 6 non responsive patients like the 13 who did not have parasitic infestation, needed treatment with diethylcarbamazine for eosinopenic remission and thus could be classified as patients of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE). The association of hypereosinopilic state as a whole as well as TPE with tuberculosis as compared to that prevalent in the general population was found to be highly significant (P < 0.001). The frequent association of TPE with tuberculosis as observed by us suggests the possibility of an early hypersensitivity reaction to mycobacterial antigens triggering a florid TPE state in susceptible patients from an area endemic for filariasis. A similar mechanism may also operate in cases of pulmonary eosinophilia induced by other helminths in areas where they are endemic.
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PMID:Hypereosinophilia in association with pulmonary tuberculosis in a rural population in south India. 782 54

During the period of 1981-82 in a survey of 21 schools in four villages of North Arcot Ambedkar District of Tamil Nadu, amongst a population of 4282 children we detected 92 with respiratory symptoms and blood eosinophilia greater than 1000 per cumm. Sixty-eight students had associated worn infestation, majority with hookworm followed by giardia. Altogether 37 children had blood eosinophilia above 2000 per cumm and had symptoms of cough, dyspnoea, and wheeze consistent with pulmonary eosinophilia. Fourteen of the children with pulmonary eosinophilia had eosinopenic remission with deworming alone. Six of them, on the other hand, responded to diethyl carbamazine (DEC) alone and 17 others, following deworming, required further DEC therapy for successful eosinopenic remission, thus warranting a diagnosis of Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (TPE).
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PMID:Pulmonary eosinophilia in children: report of a school survey in rural Tamil Nadu in India. 818 84

An unusual case of life-threatening visceral larva migrans (toxocariasis) is reported herein. The patient was admitted with acute dyspnea and bilateral pleural effusion; rapidly pericardial tamponade developed. Blood and body fluid eosinophilia were elevated. Extensive investigations revealed no malignant process or vasculitis, but Toxocara infection was confirmed by rising specific antibody titers. The high seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies, particularly in children, suggests that a diagnosis of visceral larva migrans should be considered before a diagnosis of systemic hypereosinophilic syndrome even when clinical presentation is unusual. Prophylaxis against this widespread polymorphic zoonotic infection is desirable in view of the potentially dramatic consequences of infestation.
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PMID:Acute life-threatening toxocaral tamponade. 940 76

A 38-year-old farmer was apparently well until 5 years of age. At this age, the patient's mother found mildly itchy, raised eruptions over the scalp during combing of the scalp hair. Since then, the eruptions have progressed insidiously to involve the face and other parts of the body, with a preponderance over the face, upper back, and chest, including the palms. The soles, oral cavity, and genital tract were unaffected. The lesions were persistent in nature and showed no remission or exacerbation. Mild to moderate pruritus/discomfort was experienced following sunlight exposure. A prominent, raised eruption appeared on the right side of the forehead 9 years ago, 25 years after the initial eruptions, which in due course ulcerated. It was progressive in nature and acquired a large size. Two years later, it was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma, for which liquid nitrogen cryosurgery was performed. There was a recurrence of the lesion at the site of surgery, which was excised 4 months later. Subsequently, there was a sudden flare up at the same site. It was badly infected with maggot infestation. The relentless course of the disease was evident by the appearance of two similar lesions, one on the right half of the nose and the other on the left preauricular region. A short while ago, fatigue and loss of weight were also recorded. Bladder and bowel functions were normal and there was no loss of appetite, hoarseness of voice, or breathlessness. Four of the patient's six children (three sons and one daughter) were reported to have similar lesions all over the body. In addition, nine other relatives were also affected. Accordingly, a total of 14 (12 males and two females) family members were found to be affected from amongst 41 individuals (26 males and 15 females) spread across several generations (Fig. 1). There was a second-degree consanguinity of marriage, with the patient's grandmother and wife's father being brother and sister. Skin surface examination was marked by multiple, discrete, flat-topped, scaly, brownish-black papules of diverse morphology, from hypopigmented macules to verrucous lesions, with a few coalescing to form plaques. The scales were brown, dry, and adherent (Fig. 2a). The lesions were conspicuous by their presence over the face, neck, and front and back of the chest. The extremities were also affected. Nevertheless, the soles and genitalia were spared. The oral mucosae, hair, and nails were normal. Koebner's phenomenon was explicit, whereas Auspitz's sign was not demonstrable. In addition, a perceptible nodulo-ulcerative lesion (size, 3 in x 2 in) with indurated, raised, averted margins was encountered on the right side of the forehead. The ulcer was tender and had a fetid discharge. Necrotic slough was prominent over its base. Similar lesions were located on the left preauricular region and right half of the nose. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections prepared from biopsies taken from representative lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis and squamous cell carcinoma revealed their diagnostic features. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis showed features of hyperkeratosis and acanthosis with hardly any papillomatosis. Marginal elongation of the rete ridges was present. Extensive vacuolization was a remarkable feature, and was largely confined to the upper stratum Malpighian and the granular cell layer. Some of the vacuolated cells were fairly large; their nuclei were located in the center and had variable pyknosis. The granular cell layer was uniformly thickened, whereas the stratum corneum had a loosely felted (basket-weave) appearance. The dermis was apparently normal (Fig. 2b,c). The other microsection(s) from squamous cell carcinoma were conspicuous by the presence of hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and irregular masses of epidermal cells, proliferating downwards and invading the dermis. Varying proportions of differentiated squamous cells formed their bulk. These cells were atypical, characterized by variations in size and shape, hyperplasia and hyperchromasia of the nuclei, absence of prickles, chas, characterization of individual cells, and the presence of both mitotic and atypical mitotic figures (Fig. 3b).
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PMID:Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: 14 members of a pedigree with an intriguing squamous cell carcinoma transformation. 1220 66

The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of the filarial avian nematode Serratospiculum seurati in falcons from Kuwait, report clinical signs and find an effective therapy. Naturally occurring S. seurati infestation was diagnosed in 149 (8.7%) out of 1,706 captive falcons examined between May 2003 and April 2005, and 140 of these were treated with melarsomine at dosage of 0.25 mg/kg injected intramuscularly for two days, and ivermectin, injected once at the dose of 1 mg/kg, 10 days later. Infestation was reportedly symptomatic in 107 (71.8%) and non-symptomatic in 42 (28.2%) falcons. Signs reported more often were dyspnoea (58.8%), reduced speed and strength in flight (56%), weight loss (38.3%), anorexia/poor appetite (22.4%) and lethargy (16.8%). After administration of melarsomine, signs disappeared within 1-10 days in symptomatic birds and improvement of flight performances was noted in non-symptomatic birds. Dead adult parasites were ejected in 22 cases. Embryonated eggs were not detected in coproscopic checks made 10 and 40 days after the end of therapy, in association with lasting clinical remission. The main conclusion is that Serratospiculum seurati is overall pathogenic for birds of prey in the Middle East and that melarsomine + ivermectin can be an effective protocol of therapy eliminating both clinical signs and parasites.
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PMID:Serratospiculosis in falcons from Kuwait: incidence, pathogenicity and treatment with melarsomine and ivermectin. 1660 68

52 captive falcons out of 3,988 (1.3 %) raptors microscopically examined for intestinal parasites in the Middle East proved infested with hairworms (capillariid parasites). 26 of these (50 %) showed concurrent parasitoses. In the group of 26 falcons diagnosed with capillariosis as sole infestation (50 %) compatible clinical signs such as anorexia, weight loss, weakness, dyspnoea, regurgitation of food and blood, diarrhoea and dark tarry faeces, were recorded. These birds were treated intramuscularly with ivermectin at doses of 2 mg/kg. In fecal samples examined 10-15 days later, the eggs of capillariid parasites had disappeared, in association with complete clinical recovery.
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PMID:Efficacy of ivermectin (Ivomec) against intestinal capulariosis in falcons. 1864 11

Cytauxzoon felis was transmitted to a domestic cat by Amblyomma americanum. The infection was produced by the bite of A. americanum adults that were acquisition fed as nymphs on a domestic cat that naturally survived infection of C. felis. Fever, inappetence, depression, and lethargy were first noted 11 days post-infestation (dpi). Pale mucus membranes, splenomegaly, icterus, and dyspnea were also observed during the course of the disease. The body temperature of the experimentally infected C. felis cat was subnormal from 16 dpi until 24 dpi when it returned to within normal limits. All clinical signs of cytauxzoonsis began to resolve by 23 dpi when the cat became subclinically infected with C. felis. The cat developed a marked, regenerative anemia beginning by 13 dpi and reached a nadir at 20 dpi before recovering. A moderate neutrophilia and marked lymphocytosis also developed between 18 and 26 dpi. Schizonts of C. felis were observed in spleen aspirates of the infected cat at 15 dpi. DNA of C. felis was amplified by real-time PCR starting 17 dpi and piroplasms of C. felis were first noted by light microscopy 18 dpi. Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus were also tested in a similar manner at the same time but did not transmit C. felis. Prior to the present study, only D. variabilis had been shown experimentally to transmit infection of C. felis. This is the first report of C. felis being transmitted by A. americanum. The transmission of C. felis infection from one domestic cat to another indicates that domestic cats subclinically infected with C. felis may be a reservoir of infection for naive domestic cats.
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PMID:Transmission of Cytauxzoon felis to a domestic cat by Amblyomma americanum. 1916 88

Foreign body in the esophagus is a common emergency presentation. Foreign body aspirations comprise the majority of accidental deaths in childhood. Conventional x-ray imaging is usually obtained to aid the diagnosis during the initial evaluation. The decision for surgical intervention is usually based on a suspicious history, physical examination and radiologic findings. Rigid bronchoscopy is very effective procedure for inhaled foreign body removal with fewer complications. Proper use of diagnostic techniques provides a high degree of success and the treatment modality to be used depending on the type of the foreign body is mostly satisfactory. Live foreign body is a rare entity but common emergency presentation. The approach towards a patient with leech infestation comprises a thorough history and systematic examination followed by relevant investigations. However, there is considerable debate over the most appropriate treatment option for such patients. A living foreign body, or parasite, in the oro-or naso-pharynx is rare in Western countries, but in other parts of the world is a fairly common cause of problems. In the past 10 years 28 cases of foreign bodies due to infestation with leeches were treated in our departments. In all patients, 2-70 years old, the complaint was of recurrent episodes of epistaxis, blood-spitting, odynophagia, dysphagia, dyspnea and hemoptysis several days before admission. Examination showed a green-brown mass protruding from different naso- and oro-pharengeal areas, which is in every case, was a blood-engorged leech. Treatment consisted of removing the leech by applying a forceps to the middle of the leech's body and giving a quick pull. Bleeding ceased immediately after removal of the leech. This review aims to develop a comprehensive approach towards patients presenting with foreign body ingestion by developing clinical practice guidelines. These guidelines address not only the initial evaluation of the patient but also the various management alternatives and their advantages, limitations and applicability in various scenarios, based upon a review of the literature.
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PMID:Meta analysis of the leech as a live foreign body: detection, precaution and treatment. 2033 16

Echinococcosis/hydatidosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused in humans by the larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus cestode. Although notification of infestation is required, there are no reliable data on the prevalence of this parasitosis among humans in Italy. This zoonosis was first reported in ancient times (Hippocrates, fourth century BC) and since then many cases of echinococcosis/hydatidosis have been described. Currently, it is considered one of the main parasitoses affecting animals bred for income and one of the most important parasitic zoonoses. We present the clinical case of a three-year-old child, living in Palermo with a dog in his house, who came to our observation for dyspnea occurring after physical exercise. Diagnosis of echinococcosis was performed on the operating table and by histological examination. The case presented is special in its manifestation from a clinical point of view, because the young patient experienced multiple injuries only to lungs, without involvement of other organs and, although the left lung cysts appeared fissured on the operating table, our patient never presented immunoallergic disorders.
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PMID:[Pulmonary hydatid disease in childhood: a case report]. 2042 24


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