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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute diarrhea in adults is usually caused by bacterial infection, parasitic infestation, food poisoning, or drugs. In this review, we summarize the pros and cons of medical therapies, point out certain areas of controversy, and propose a rationale for early intervention. Discussion is limited to the use of antidiarrheal agents and antibiotics in acute infectious diarrhea.
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PMID:Management of acute diarrhea. 636 16

Diarrhea claims the lives of at least five million children per year and is a major contributor to malnutrition in developing countries. A variety of infectious agents cause diarrhea through several pathogenic mechanisms. Bacteria such as Shigella can directly invade the intestinal mucosa, and those similar to Vibrio cholerae or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli can produce toxins that alter cellular absorption and secretions. Rotavirus appears to cause 30%-40% of diarrhea in toddlers. Diarrhea frequently accompanies parasitic infestation and infections in other parts of the body. Several methods, including improvement of water supplies and sanitation and administration of vaccines and antibiotics, may be useful in preventing mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea. Oral rehydration to replace fluids and electrolytes, accompanied by attention to early feeding and encouragement of breast feeding, is the most effective and economical intervention currently available.
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PMID:Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. XV. Acute diarrhea. 639 70

Observations were made on individual cases and on herds showing the effects of internal parasitism on the health and productivity of Toggenberg and Saanan goats. The clinical reactions varied markedly being influenced by the degree of infestation and duration of illness. Typical cases showed emaciation, anaemia, oedema, weakness and sometimes diarrhoea and death. Faecal analyses were dominated by strongyle egg counts which rose progressively throughout the study period. Overstocking led to some animals being at greater risk.
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PMID:Internal parasitism in milk goats in Kenya. 648 5

Clinical features and pathological and mycological findings in a field outbreak of intoxication in dairy cattle grazing kikuyu grass are reported. The outbreak followed invasion of the grass by the army worm (Spodoptera exempta). Clinical signs included drooling of saliva, depression, apparent inco-ordination, sunken eyes, ruminal distension and atony, recumbency, moderate diarrhoea and "sham drinking". Seventy-seven cows (64%) were clinically affected over a period of 12 days. Of these, 37 died. Necropsies performed on 4 affected cattle revealed necrosis of the epithelium of the forestomach, which was consistently more severe in the omasum. Light microscopy showed extensive necrosis of the epithelium of the forestomach with associated fibrinopurulent inflammation. The stratum spinosum and s. granulosum were selectively involved, but the s. basale was generally preserved. Electron microscopical examination of ruminal and omasal epithelium from 2 of these cattle revealed cytopathological features in the s. spinosum and s. granulosum which were consistent with stages in an acute, anoxic type of injury. Mycological examination of the pastures revealed sparse growth of a mixed fungal population, which included Myrothecium verrucaria. There was no evidence of heavy fungal infestation. Previous evidence that M. verrucaria, or other fungi, may be involved in the aetiology of kikuyu grass poisoning of cattle in New Zealand is addressed. It appears improbable that any of the fungi isolated in this investigation could have played an important role in the aetiology of this outbreak.
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PMID:Intoxication of cattle on kikuyu grass following army worm (Spodoptera exempta) invasion. 664 56

A fairly high number of symptoms are usually ascribed to intestinal parasites, a fact leading many times to various treatments in the absence of diagnostic evidence. Aiming to correlate presence of parasite with that of signs and symptoms authors have reviewed 1,131 patients submitted, for several reasons, to a search of parasites which was positive in only 384 cases. Authors conclude that only eosinophilia is a quite constant finding in E. vermicularis infestation and abdominal pain and chronic diarrhea are often present during giardia infestations.
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PMID:[Intestinal parasitoses: contribution to their clinical diagnosis]. 666 Jun 47

Eleven calves, 6 months old, vaccinated or not, have been infected experimentally with 10(7) Salmonella typhi-murium, administered by oral route. The control calves had a serious illness, characterized by a severe diarrhoea, hepatic and renal symptoms and a heavy infestation of the main organs. The other five calves, which were orally and subcutaneously vaccinated with ribosomal extracts of S. typhi-murium and S. dublin showed only a moderate alteration of their health while biochemical disorders at the level of liver and kidneys disappeared. However, salmonella were found in mesenteric lymph nodes, but in much lower amounts than in controls.
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PMID:[Experimental infection by "Salmonella typhi-murium": protective role of homologous ribosomal extracts in calves (author's transl)]. 700 85

A young Indian man presented in England with a 6-month history of diarrhoea which started just before leaving India. He was found to have tropical enteropathy and H. nana infestation, but while the infestation and symptoms disappeared with antihelminthic treatment, the tropical enteropathy persisted. Hymenolepiasis is not well recognised as a cause of diarrhoea amongst Asians in Western Europe.
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PMID:Hymenolepiasis: an unusual cause of diarrhoea in Western Europe. 722 70

The hygienic aspects of the various breeding systems are reviewed. The companion aviary is the least hygienic system; the birds are hardest to supervise in this case. Breeding in pairs is preferable from either point of view. Hygiene in aviaries is determined by all component parts of the cage, which are used in keeping the birds. The walls should be smooth and clean. The most hygienic drinking water supply is ensured by bottle-type nipple drinkers provided with a small ball. Feeders should be emptied, cleansed and filled with fresh water every day. A hygienic, dry floor-covering will prevent the appearance of large numbers of Enterobacteriaceae (as well as E. coli) in the intestine. The feed should preferably be given in measured rations. An adult canary should be fed 4 g. of seed and 1 g. of soft feed (containing 20 per cent of protein and 1 per cent of lysine) daily. Causes of death in young birds may be: inferior soft feed, a faulty diet, the presence of pentachlorophenol in the nesting material, infestation with chicken lice (Dermanyssus gallinae), diarrhoea due to a polluted environment (neonatal diarrhoea shortly after hatching), cochlosomosis, drumsticks and atoxoplasmosis. The clinical features and treatment of infectious diseases are discussed.
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PMID:[Problems arising from disease during the periods of breeding and rearing canaries and other aviary birds (author's transl)]. 740 68

The syndrome of nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the small bowel with hypogammaglobulinemia is one of the hypogammaglobulinemic enteropathies. Chronic diarrhea and malabsorption are the most characteristic features of this disease, and they are frequently associated to hypogammaglobulinemia of various types (acquired, congenital non sex-linked) and to selective IgA deficiency. The immunological deficiency gives rise to the more characteristic features of the disease, namely: a) hypogammaglobulinemia; b) respiratory infections and dental caries; c) Giardia lamblia infestation of the small bowel; d) the characteristic radiological features; and, e) the histological aspect of the intestinal mucosa with absence of plasma cells. Periodical follow-up is needed because of the increased incidence of tumors in immunological deficiency states. A new case of nodular lymphoid hyperplasia associated to hemolytic anemia and granulomatous hepatitis is reported, and its possible pathogenesis is discussed.
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PMID:[Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the small bowel with IgA deficiency and hemolytic anemia (author's transl)]. 742 63

A 16-year-old boy was hospitalized because of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. Serum immunoelectrophoresis showed an absence of IgA and diminished levels of IgM and IgG. Radiological examination of the upper gut was suggestive of lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, a diagnosis confirmed by endoscopy and intestinal biopsy. In addition, infestation with Giardia Lamblia was proven by duodenal aspirate at the time of endoscopy.
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PMID:The value of endoscopy in the diagnosis of lymphoid nodular hyperplasia. 744 Sep 50


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