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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pediculosis ciliaris, though not as common as in the past, is still not a rare disorder. Infestation has become more prevalent among adolescents within the past few years. Severe itching, irritation, secondary conjunctivitis, and preauricular adenopathy may accompany the louse infestation. A brief review of the etiology and treatment of pediculosis ciliaris has been presented. Every physician should be aware of this disorder and be adequately prepared to treat it.
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PMID:Pediculosis ciliaris. 8 72

The effect of severe T-cell depletion on mucosal mast cells of the small intestine and on connective tissue mast cells has been studied in adult thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow reconstituted (B) rats. Under normal conditions, intestinal mucosal mast cell numbers do not differ significantly between B rats, normal age matched rats and non-thymectomized irradiated controls. Connective tissue mast cells are significantly fewer in the tongues of B rats than in normal rats, but the difference is atributable to an effect of irradiation. Infestation with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis produced approximately equal increases in mucosal mast cells in non-thymectomized irradiation controls and in normal rats. In B rats there was no increase in mucosal mast cells following infestation. B rats failed to expel the parasites normally. Failure of mast cell proliferation was not due to the effects of the persisting worm burden. Antihelminthic treatment at the time of worm expulsion by normal rats did not reveal a hitherto masked mast cell response in B rats. Nippostrongylus infestation did not reveal evidence of thymus-dependency of connective tissue mast cells. As in athymic nude mice, mucosal mast cells in the rat have been shown to be T-cell dependent during the proliferation that follows infestation with an intestinal nematode parasite.
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PMID:Mast cells in severely T-cell depleted rats and the response to infestation with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. 31 98

This article describes the drugs used in helminthic infections and their therapeutic indications, mode of action, toxicity and other details of each of the recommended drugs, and discusses the nature and treatment of infection by helminths important in human medicine. Infestation due to the roundworms Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides and the hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus can all be treated effectively with pyrantel pamoate. For Enterobius vermicularis, however, a newer drug, mebendazole, is equally as effective. The advantage of these drugs in the indicated circumstances is that they can be administered in a single dose. Unfortunately, pyrantel pamoate is not a panacea and in the case of Necator it is not as effective as in the other roundworms. In that situation the use of tetrachlorethylene is preferable. For treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis, and important human parasite, because it can become disseminated and lead to fatal infections in immunoincompetent hosts, the only effective drug is thiabendazole. In treatment of Trichuris trichiura infection, mebendazole, administered over a period of 3 days, is the most effective available drug. For the roundworms inhabiting tissues--either as aberrant infections of man or as the normal part of their life cycle in man--therapy tends to be largely non-specific. For example, in visceral larva migrans, caused by the dog roundworm Toxocara canis, only palliative therapy with systemic anti-inflammatory agents and corticosteroids may be helpful. Cutaneous larva migrans, caused by the dog hookworms Ancylostoma brasiliensis and Ancylostoma caninum, is also treated primarily with symptomatic measures, but there is a suggestion that thiabendazole may kill the larvae and thus be effective. Trichinella spiralis may cause severe, even fatal infections in man, but only symptomatic therapy can be offered. Therapy for filarial infections is regrettably complicated and not completely effective. Diethylcarbamazine remains the best available drug, but in some of these infections local surgical excision may also be used. It is important to bear in mind that release of antigens from dying or dead worms may cause systemic inflammatory and allergic reactions that may require therapy with corticosteroids. Therapy for Cestodes is achieved most effectively with niclosamide, but the antimicrobial agent paromomycin has also been effective. For the aberrant cestode infections of man, such as echinococcal cysts or Taenia solium cycticerci, treatment is surgical if the affected areas are accessible. Treatment of schistosomal infections is quite toxic and, therefore, it is mandatory to determine viability of the worms before recommending therapy. If therapy is required, then Schistosoma mansoni infections are treated with stibophen and S. japonicum with antimony potassium tartrate, taking care in both of these instances to watch for the early signs of antimony toxicity; therapy of S. haematobium infections is based on administration of niridazole...
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PMID:Anthelmintics. 31 91

Infestation with Enterobius (Oxyuris) vermicularis is very common but seldom produces lesions and even more rarely causes granulomas. Two cases of oxyuris granulomas/nodules), one in the serosa of ovaries and left fallopian tube in a female of 32-years and the other in the submucosa of the appendix in a 10-year old girl are identified by the presence of true necrotizing granulomas containing the parasite. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of abdominal granulomas is discussed.
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PMID:Oxyuris granulomas of pelvic peritoneum and appendicular wall. 42 23

The European rabbit flea was first released in Victoria in August 1969 at Werribee. Releases were made on five different land forms. At one site the first flea was recovered 2 weeks after release. Fleas were recovered between 4 and 6 weeks after release at the other sites. Differences in establishment and spread on the different land forms were due to physically restricted movement of some rabbit populations. By June 1971 80% of rabbits were infested but an occasional young uninfested rabbit was still found in August 1978. Infestation numbers were higher than in the Mallee region especially on pregnant does.
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PMID:Myxomatosis: the release and spread of the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Central District of Victoria. 48 62

Infestation of humans with the parasite Ascaris lumbricoides may induce high total serum IgE levels, but the influence of this immunogenic response on allergic asthma has not been defined. In this study, the specific antiparasitic IgE-mediated response as determined by skin-prick testing was related to the incidence of allergic asthma in Ascaris-infested patients. A limited number--17% of the non-allergic controls and 51% of the allergic asthmatics--had a clinically detectable immunogenic response to the parasite. The predicted incidence of asthma was significantly higher than the observed incidence in the subjects in whom the Ascaris skin test was positive. This was not found in subjects in whom the Ascaris skin test was negative. Inhalation of Ascaris antigen induced asthmatic reactions in 7 of 8 patients who were Ascaris-positive on skin testing, but not in the negative controls. The groups of patients who respond immunogenically to parasite infestation need to be defined, as they may be predisposed to allergic diseases such as asthma.
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PMID:Ascaris lumbricoides and allergic asthma: A new perspective. 55 Apr 9

From June 1972 to May 1973 the medical officer of health and general practitioners in Sheffield referred all suspected cases of scabies to the Hallamshire Hospital skin department. Contact tracing, similar to that in VD departments, was carried out by a specially trained state registered nurse. In all, 1482 cases were found in 609 households. This was ten times the number referred to the skin department in 1971. Infestation was introduced to households mainly by schoolchildren and teenagers, especially by girls. The commonest sources were friends and relatives outside the home. Schools did not play an appreciable part in spread. The secondary attack rate in households was 38%. Notification of cases, adequate treatment within the home, and contact tracing are recommended to halt the present epidemic of scabies.
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PMID:Scabies in Sheffield: a family infestation. 63 Mar 37

Infestation with Nematodirus battus was found to be present in sheep imported from Great Britain. This is the first report on the presence of this parasite, which is highly pathogenic for young lambs, in the Netherlands.
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PMID:[Nematodirus battus in the Netherlands (author's transl)]. 63 87

Infestation with Echinococcus granulosus is common in Iraq, where a close relationship exists between dogs, the carnivorous definitive hosts, and sheep, the herbivorous hosts of the parasite. Plants contaminated by eggs of the tapeworm passed in the dog's faeces may be ingested by man, giving rise to hydatid disease. Of 136 cases of hydatid disease affecting various tissues and organs studied and treated during a 3-year period, the liver was involved in 94; intrabiliary rupture occurred in 15. Pain, hectic fever, and obstructive jaundice were invariable in these 15 cases but biliary obstruction became complete in only 7. A palpable mass in the liver was present in 10 cases. Mistaken preoperative diagnoses were made in 4 cases before the true nature of the disease was determined. In the light of our experience four main guidelines to operative management may be formulated: First, the mother cyst, daughter cysts, and debris must be evacuated. Second, the common bile duct must be explored and cleared of daughter cysts, membranous shreds, and hydatid stones and the ampulla of Vater must be dilated; however, sphincterotomy is rarely necessary and should not be performed as a routine. Third, unless there is clear evidence of inflammation or daughter cyst or stone formation in the gallbladder the organ should be preserved, since it may prove useful for future bypass procedures. Finally, the residual cavity of the mother cyst must be drained.
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PMID:Intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst of the liver. 84 42

Toxoplasmosis is not a rare disease. Infestation occurs in 75% of the general world population and in 35% of the US population. Lymphadenopathy, primarily of the cervical type, is one of the most common signs of acquired toxoplasmosis. During the past 15 years a great number of reports have appeared in the medical literature regarding toxoplasmosis. However, it seems that most clinicians do not consider this disease as a possibility when they encounter patients with unexplained cervical adenopathy in whom the usual tests for infectious mononucleosis are negative. In fact, the majority of such patients come to the operating room with a suspected diagnosis of malignant neoplasm, particularly of malignant lymphoma. Thus, a great deal of unnecessary anxiety is generated and, at times, unnecessary surgery is performed. These may be avoidable. A total of 38 cases of acquired toxoplasmosis manifested by lymphadenopathy (82% in the cervical region) are analyzed with respect to symptomatology, differential diagnosis, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Toxoplasmosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with cervical tumors.
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PMID:Cervical adenopathy secondary to toxoplasmosis. 90 Dec 84


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