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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The European rodents Clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole) and Apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked-mouse) are important hosts of the tick species Ixodes ricinus, the main European vector of Borrelia burgdorferi. We have addressed the question whether or not these tick hosts develop resistance to I. ricinus larvae. C. glareolus and A. flavicollis were exposed to 40 I. ricinus larvae for five consecutive times at two week intervals. Resistance was tested by the following parameters: percentage of ticks fully engorged, time of attachment, engorgement index, percentage of recovered ticks and proportion of larvae moulting to nymphs. Repeated infestation of C. glareolus resulted in progressive and significant reductions in the percentage of fully engorged ticks, the time of attachment of partially engorged ticks, the scutal index of partially engorged ticks and the moulting success. In contrast, repeatedly infested A. flavicollis did not acquire resistance to larval I. ricinus. Effects of resistance in C. glareolus could be partially disrupted by treatment with the immunosuppressive agent, cyclosporin A (CsA), indicating that T helper cells participate in the immune responses to tick bites. The data suggest that acquired immunity to I. ricinus larvae in C. glareolus is a density-dependent factor regulating natural tick burdens and that it may have an impact on the transmission cycle of B. burgdorferi in Central Europe.
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PMID:Clethrionomys glareolus, but not Apodemus flavicollis, acquires resistance to Ixodes ricinus L., the main European vector of Borrelia burgdorferi. 762 58

The effects of season and habitat on the infestation of the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) by immature Ixodes scapularis were studied at Castle Rock State Park, northwestern Illinois, during June-October 1991. Relative density of larvae on mice was higher in mid-late summer (13.7 ticks per mouse) than during the rest of the study period, whereas prevalence of nymphal infestation was highest in early summer (33.3%). Relative density of I. scapularis larvae and prevalence of nymphs on mice did not differ significantly among bottomland forest, field-forest ecotone, and upland forest habitats. In bottomland forest, total number of ticks collected from mice (472 larvae and 13 nymphs) and P. leucopus population density (6.6 mice per 0.36 ha) were higher than in the other habitats. Temporal patterns of numbers of larvae collected from mice and through dragging in bottomland forest were significantly correlated.
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PMID:Influence of season and habitat on Ixodes scapularis infestation on white-footed mice in northwestern Illinois. 779 48

Toxocariasis as a helminth zoonatroponosis is very common in dogs in our region, thus the infestation of human population, especially children, is frequent, 59 children with high blood eosinophilia, aged 18 months to 14 years, were examined on toxocariasis by indirect immunofluorescence test, 23 children were positive, with antibody titre 1:20-640. Dominant symptoms and signs were cough, allergic exantemas, lymphadenopathy and leucocytosis. One child had eosinophilic meningitis. Some of these children were addicted to geophagia, particularly those with clinical picture corresponding to toxocariasis. The original antigen for the indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay was made of mice brains previously infected with high dose of toxocara larvae (6000 per mouse). Two or three months later, mice were sacrificed and their brains were fixed and included in paraffin wax. Histological sections were used as antigen for titration of patient's serum samples. Authors conclude that all eosinophilias in children should be examined serologically for toxocariasis.
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PMID:[The role of toxocariasis in the etiology of hypereosinophilic syndrome in children]. 799

The egg-laying activity in the fleas Leptopsylla segnis Schonherr declined when their number on the host (white mouse) was risen from 2-5 to 20. However, if the number of the parasites on host exceeded 30 the egg output per female increased. It is supposed, there is an density-dependent regulation of egg-laying activity in L. segnis, which operates in certain diapason of flea abundance. It appears that mechanism of this regulation is suppressed by heavy infestation.
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PMID:[The dependence of egg-laying activity on the number of Leptopsylla segnis (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae) fleas on the host]. 852 11

Infestation of small rodents by ixodid ticks and frequency of host-seeking ticks collected by dragging were studied at Orecchiella Natural Park (Northern Apennines) in 1994 and 1995. Levels of infestation of Apodemus spp. by immature Dermacentor marginatus were higher in beech wood (5.1 larvae and 1.3 nymphs per mouse) than in oak-chestnut wood and in coniferous wood. Larval D. marginatus peaked in mid summer, whereas nymphs peaked in late summer. Host-seeking Haemaphysalis punctata were mostly found on south-facing limestone rocks with scarce vegetation (7.8 larvae/km dragging). Conversely, D. marginatus larvae were most frequent in wooded areas (3.2 larvae/km dragging). Ixodes ricinus was rare in the Park, and Borrelia burgdorferi was not isolated from ear punches collected from 122 small rodents.
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PMID:Spatial distribution and seasonality of ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) in a protected area in the northern Apennines. 941 46

Antigens recognized by host species in response to ectoparasite infestation have been widely reported. Although differences in the immune responses of different host species have been described, only a very few of these studies compare the range of antigens recognized by different host species in response to infestation. We used Western blot analysis to investigate antigenic responses of different host species that were repeatedly infested with Ixodes ricinus ticks. Antigenic profiles of larval and nymphal whole tick homogenates were compared with the respective salivary gland extract (SGE) samples using sera from rabbits repeatedly infested with either adults, nymphs or larvae. SGE samples were also analysed using sera from hamsters infested with adults, nymphs or larvae. Sera from BALB/C mice, Apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked mouse) or Clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole) repeatedly infested with larvae were used to compare the antigenic profiles of SGE and larval homogenate samples. We also investigated different sources of tick antigens, using rabbit sera, by comparing midgut extracts from female adult ticks and SGE from unfed ticks and from ticks throughout the 6-day feeding period with whole tick homogenates of female and male adults, nymphs and larvae. The pattern of antigenic tick-molecules recognized by infested host species varies with the period of feeding, developmental stage and the particular host species parasitized.
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PMID:Antigenic profile of Ixodes ricinus: effect of developmental stage, feeding time and the response of different host species. 1169 66

Ectoparasite and epifaunistic arthropod biodiversity and infestation parameters were compared between 2 sympatric small rodent species, the cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus (Le Conte)) and golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli (Harlan)), in southern Georgia from 1992 to 2003. Because the cotton mouse is known to be a reservoir of more vector-borne zoonotic pathogens than the golden mouse, we hypothesized that it would be parasitized by more ectoparasites that are known to be vectors of these pathogens. Cotton mice (n = 202) were parasitized by 19 species of arthropods, whereas golden mice (n = 46) were parasitized by 12 species. Eleven species of arthropods were recovered from both host species, whereas 7 were recorded only from cotton mice, and 1 species only from golden mice. Infestation prevalences (percent of mice parasitized) were significantly higher for 1 species of arthropod (the tropical rat mite Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst)) infesting cotton mice and for 4 species (the flea Peromyscopsylla scotti Fox and the mites Glycyphagus hypudaei Koch, Androlaelaps casalis (Berlese), and Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (Berlese)) infesting golden mice. Mean intensities (mean per infested mouse) were significantly higher for 2 species (the flea Orchopeas leucopus (Baker) and the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis Say) infesting cotton mice and for 2 species (G. hypudaei and A. fahrenholzi) infesting golden mice. Ectoparasites that are known to be vectors of zoonotic pathogens were significantly more common on cotton mice than on golden mice. These ectoparasites included the rhopalopsyllid flea Polygenis gwyni (Fox), a vector of the agent of murine typhus; I. scapularis, the principal vector of the agents of Lyme borreliosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and human babesiosis; and O. bacoti, a laboratory vector of several zoonotic pathogens. However, 2 species of ixodid ticks that can transmit zoonotic pathogens were recovered from both host species. These were the American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis (Say), the principal vector of the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in eastern North America, and Ixodes minor Neumann, an enzootic vector of the agent of Lyme borreliosis. Overall, the cotton mouse was parasitized by significantly more ectoparasites that are known to be vectors of zoonotic pathogens than was the golden mouse. These data support the hypothesis that the cotton mouse has greater epidemiological importance for zoonotic vector-borne pathogen transmission than does the golden mouse.
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PMID:Ectoparasites and other epifaunistic arthropods of sympatric cotton mice and golden mice: comparisons and implications for vector-borne zoonotic diseases. 1571 19

Fleas were collected from live-captured small mammals to identify potential flea-borne pathogens, seasonal prevalence of flea species, and host preference as part of the US military rodent-borne diseases surveillance program conducted at one US military installation and 10 military training sites, northern Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. During 2003-04, 948 fleas (563 females and 385 males) were recovered from 2,742 small mammals (seven rodent and one insectivore species). Apodemus agrarius (striped field mouse) accounted for 88.9% (2,439/2,742) of the small mammals, followed by Crocidura lasiura (4.2%), Mus musculus (2.9%), Microtus fortis (2.2%), Myodes regulus (0.6%), Micromys minutus (0.5%), Tscherskia triton (0.5%), and Rattus norvegicus (0.3%). Small mammal infestation rates (number with fleas/number captured) ranged from 7.7% (M. minutus and T. triton) to 31.3% (M. regulus). Flea indices were highest for M. regulus (0.69/captured rodent), followed by C. lasiura (0.54), M. fortis (0.41), A. agrarius (0.34), and R. norvegicus (0.33). Overall, Ctenophthalmus congeneroides (51.3%) was more frequently collected, followed by Stenoponia sidimi (42.6%), Rhadinopsylla insolita (5.5%), Neopsylla bidentatiformis (0.4%), Rhadinopsylla concava (0.1%), and Doratopsylla coreana (0.1%). Ctenophthalmus congeneroides was more frequently collected from small mammals during the spring and summer, while S. sidimi was more frequently collected during the winter season. Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of murine typhus, was detected in 3.2% of specimens (7/220 pools from 654 fleas; minimum field infection rate [number of positive pools/total number of fleas] was 1.1%).
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PMID:Detection of Rickettsia typhi and seasonal prevalence of fleas collected from small mammals in the Republic of Korea. 2009 29

The transmission dynamics of Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) among Ixodes scapularis (Is) and mammalian hosts was investigated at Camp Ripley, an area representative of central Minnesota. Prevalence of white-footed mouse infection with Ap and Bb were 20% and 42%, respectively, with a coinfection level of 14%. Peak levels of infection with both agents occurred in May. The average levels of seropositivity to Ap and Bb were 29.3% and 48%, respectively. Of the mice infected with Ap, 47.5% were able to eliminate the pathogen as compared with 19.4% of mice infected with Bb. Ap was detected in 88.4% of 43 eastern chipmunks examined and isolated from 44.7% of the animals. Bb was present in 72.7% of 11 chipmunks examined, and 100% of the animals were also infected with Ap. The seasonality of tick activity differs from that reported for the New York area. Is infestation of mice began in May with peak nymphal infestation also occurring in May (7.4 per infested mouse) and overlapping with peak larval infestation in June (77.1 per infested mouse). Infestation ranged from 100% in May to 34.5% in October. Is comprised 98.4% of the ticks infesting the mice. The temporal pattern of the developmental stages of Is infesting chipmunks was the same as for mice, except that the tick burdens were greater. The nymphal stage peaked in May (81.3 per animal), and the larval stage peaked in June (164.7 per animal). Infestation was 100% in May-August, and >99% of the ticks were Is. Antibodies to Ap were present in >80% of the white-tailed deer examined, but they were infected with the Ap-1 variant rather than the Ap strain infecting mice and humans. Antibodies to Bb were detected in >80% of the deer, but Bb DNA was only detected in 1.5% of blood specimens.
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PMID:Agents of human anaplasmosis and Lyme disease at Camp Ripley, Minnesota. 2186 20

Due to the ongoing expansion of Ixodes scapularis (blacklegged tick) throughout the northeastern and midwestern United States, there is need to identify the role wildlife hosts play in the establishment and maintenance of tick populations. To quantify and synthesize the patterns of I. scapularis and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and sensu lato prevalence relative to wildlife hosts, we reviewed the findings of independent studies conducted throughout the United States. We performed a comprehensive literature search from 1970 to 2017 using the ISS Web of Science Core Collection and the keywords "Ixodes scapularis," "Ixodes dammini" and "Borrelia burgdorferi." We identified 116 studies for inclusion in our meta-analysis, with 187,414 individual wildlife hosts captured and examined for I. scapularis and either the host or ticks collected subsequently tested for B. burgdorferi. We found that only 13% of the wildlife mammals sampled comprised species other than Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) and Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse). To examine whether there were regional differences between the Northeast, Midwest and the Southeast U.S. in I. scapularis infestation rates on wildlife hosts, we used general linear models (glm), with post hoc pairwise comparisons. In most cases, detection of I. scapularis and B. burgdorferi was significantly higher in the Northeast than the Midwest. Using data on host-specific I. scapularis infestation prevalence, B. burgdorferi prevalence in feeding larvae, and host permissiveness, we developed an epizootiological model to determine the relative contributions of individual hosts to B. burgdorferi-infected nymphs. Our model provides additional evidence that wildlife hosts other than P. leucopus may contribute more to Lyme disease risk than commonly thought. To aid in understanding the ecology of Lyme disease, we propose that additional studies sample non-Peromyscus spp. hosts to obtain more detailed tick and pathogen infestation and infection estimates, respectively, for these less frequently sampled wildlife hosts.
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PMID:The role of Ixodes scapularis, Borrelia burgdorferi and wildlife hosts in Lyme disease prevalence: A quantitative review. 2968 Feb 60


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