Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Scabies infestation has been reported to the PAHO/WHO Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC) from Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), Grenada, Dominica, the Turks and Caicos Islands (T&CI) and, more recently, St Lucia. Epidemic scabies was being reported from T&CI in 1981 (1200/100,000 population), but there were no reports from T&T until 1982 (8/100,000). The first phase of the bimodal epidemic in Grenada occurred between 1982 and 1984 (132/100,000) and the explosive second phase from 1985 to 1987 (474-699/100,000). In T&T there was a low incidence of scabies until 1985 (0-59/100,000) and in Dominica the rate fluctuated (67-14/100,000) during the same period. From 1986 to 1988, scabies infestation reached epidemic proportions in T&T (410-709/100,000) and fluctuated in Dominica (108-117/100,000). In Tobago alone, scabies was not reported until March 1986, and by December the incidence rate was 105/100,000; by 1988 it had increased to 1124/100,000 population. Although no secondary infections have been reported from Grenada, Dominica, T&CI or St Lucia, T&T has reported increased streptococcal skin infections and epidemic post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN). The observed trend of increasing scabies infestation, increasing streptococcal isolates from skin lesions, and increasing PSAGN in T&T is noteworthy.
 ...
PMID:Epidemic scabies in four Caribbean islands, 1981-1988. 238 27

Urinary schistosomiasis presenting with the clinical signs of acute glomerulonephritis is described in 20 African children. Nineteen had oedema, 10 had circulatory overload, 11 had hypertension, 12 had oligoanuria and all had obstructive uropathy with hydronephrosis. Lack of support for a diagnosis of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) was the absence in these patients of a raised anti-streptolysin 0 titre and marked reduction in C3, which are noted in about 93% of those with PSGN. Furthermore, casts were not detected in freshly voided urine. Six of these patients required peritoneal dialysis. Signs in 16 reverted to normal within 3 weeks and two children died. One child had severe interstitial fibrosis and dilated and atrophic tubules with normal glomeruli, and died 18 months later in renal failure; the other had disseminated schistosomiasis and focal areas of chronic inflammatory cells with fibrin thrombi in small vessels in the kidney and died 6 days after admission. Obstructive uropathy cleared within 4-12 weeks in all seven patients who were followed up. Preliminary findings in a few children suggest a non-glomerular origin for this disease: a tubulo-interstitial disorder secondary to obstructive uropathy seems the most likely cause of this clinical problem. As renal biopsies were not ethically indicated, it is not possible to exclude PSGN completely in all these children. This syndrome could have escaped notice and may have been interpreted as glomerulonephritis with associated bilharzia, and therefore may constitute a previously unrecognized complication of Schistosoma haematobium infestation.
 ...
PMID:Acute obstructive urinary schistosomiasis mimicking clinical glomerulonephritis: an unrecognized syndrome. 248 1

The study shows a close relationship between incidence of ovine babesiosis caused by Babesia ovis and the activity period and distribution area of the vector tick Rhipicephalus bursa. The most important factor limiting the distribution of this tick is a decrease in humidity. In general, it is absent from areas with an average annual rainfall of less than about 300 mm. The rate of parasitaemia and the degree of anaemia were not correlated. Decrease of the packed-cell volume ranged from 30 to 40%. Parasitized erythrocytes were not observed to block capillaries in the brain, which explained the absence of nervous symptoms in acute babesiosis. The kidney was the most severely affected organ, exhibiting acute glomerulonephritis. The lesions observed were suggestive of vascular alteration and vascular stasis, leading to anoxia of the tissues. A disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome was recorded in sheep infected with babesiosis. Biochemical studies revealed possible damage to the liver and kidneys. Most of the lambs (85%) that were infested with larvae, and all lambs infested with adult R. bursa ticks reacted serologically to B. ovis antigen. The serological reactions following infestation with the larvae occurred much later than those following infestation with the adult stage. Both transovarial and transstadial transmission of the parasite were demonstrated. A study of antibodies to B. ovis using IFAT in hoggets and ewes revealed high serological prevalence, i.e., 88.9% in ewes and 84.5% in hoggets. No marked seasonal fluctuation was observed. The serological findings, in addition to the fact that one splenectomised lamb reacted to larval infestation with acute ovine babesiosis, show that the preimaginal stages of R. bursa occurring in the winter can transmit B. ovis, usually causing a sub-clinical disease. This might play a major role in pre-immunizing and strengthening the premunition of the sheep against the main spring challenge by the adult ticks. The sub-clinical reactions are probably due to the low infection rate of the preimaginal stages of R. bursa by B. ovis parasites.
 ...
PMID:Some epizootiological and clinical aspects of ovine babesiosis caused by Babesia ovis--a review. 956 3

Clinical, clinico-pathological and serological studies were performed in sheep experimentally infected with Babesia ovis. Acute babesiosis occurred in all the lambs infested with adult Rhipicephalus bursa ticks and in one lamb infested with the larvae. The rate of parasitaemia and the degree of anaemia were not correlated. Decrease in the packed-cell volume ranged from 30 to 40%. Parasitized erythrocytes were not observed to block capillaries in the brain, which explained the absence of nervous symptoms in acute babesiosis. The kidneys were the most severely affected organs, exhibiting acute glomerulonephritis. The lesions observed were suggestive of vascular alteration and vascular stasis, leading to anoxia of the tissues. A disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome was recorded in sheep infected with babesiosis. A marked increase in the enzymes of the transaminase groups, mainly aspartate aminotransferase (AST), was observed. Enzymatic changes (increases in AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreases in sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and malic enzyme (MEZ)), decreases in total proteins and albumin, and increases in urea and creatinine might reflect the degree of severity of the damage to the liver and kidney tissues. Most of the lambs (85%) that were infested with larvae, and all lambs infested with adult R. bursa ticks, reacted serologically to B. ovis antigen. The serological reactions following infestation with the larvae occurred much later than those following infestation with the adult stage. The lambs which were infested with larvae showed mild clinical reactions when challenged by infected R. bursa adults, as compared with the reactions to the challenge in naive control animals. The serological findings, in addition to the fact that one splenectomized lamb reacted to larval infestation with acute ovine babesiosis, show that the preimaginal stages of R. bursa can transmit B. ovis, usually causing a sub-clinical disease. It is suggested that infections derived from preimaginal ticks in the winter can preimmunize sheep for the subsequent more severe infections derived from adult ticks in the summer. Furthermore, in the absence of a reliable vaccine against B. ovis, grazing flocks in the enzootic regions should be exposed to the preimaginal stages during their activity period (October-February) before exposure to the adult ticks in spring and summer (April-July).
 ...
PMID:Clinical, clinico-pathological and serological studies of Babesia ovis in experimentally infected sheep. 978 Aug 25

Human scabies is a major global public health issue, with an estimated 300 million cases per year worldwide. Prevalence rates are particularly high in many third-world regions and within various indigenous communities in developed countries. Infestation with Sarcoptes Scabiei is associated with group-A streptococcal pyoderma which in turn predisposes to rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis and their respective long-term sequelae: rheumatic heart disease and chronic renal insufficiency. The documented difficulties inherent in achieving scabies control within affected communities have motivated us to develop a network-dependent Monte-Carlo model of the scabies contagion, with the dual aims of gaining insight into its dynamics, and in determining the effects of various treatment strategies. Here we show that scabies burden is adversely affected by increases in average network degree, prominent network clustering, and by a person-to-person transmissibility of greater magnitude. We demonstrate that creating a community-specific model allows for the determination of an effective treatment protocol that can satisfy any pre-defined target prevalence. We find frequent low-density treatment protocols are inherently advantageous in comparison with infrequent mass screening and treatment regimes: prevalence rates are lower when compared with protocols that administer the same number of treatments over a given time interval less frequently, and frequent low-density treatment protocols have economic, practical and public acceptance advantages that may facilitate their long-term implementation. This work demonstrates the importance of stochasticity, community structure and the heterogeneity of individuals in influencing the dynamics of the human scabies contagion, and provides a practical method for investigating the outcomes of various intervention strategies.
 ...
PMID:Control strategies for endemic childhood scabies. 2128 75