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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There has been a recent notable increase in scabies and pediculosis pubis and pediculosis capitis. Once the diagnosis is established (preferably by demonstrating the mite or louse), therapy includes consideration of a risk to benefit ratio, explanation of the nature of the infestation to the patient, application of appropriate therapeutic techniques, and follow-up procedures. Resistance of the Sarcoptes mite to modern scabicides has been suggested but not proved. Resistance of the head louse and body louse to modern pediculicides has been reported in other countries but not in the United States.
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PMID:Scabies and pediculosis. 8 May 16

Pediculosis ciliaris, though not as common as in the past, is still not a rare disorder. Infestation has become more prevalent among adolescents within the past few years. Severe itching, irritation, secondary conjunctivitis, and preauricular adenopathy may accompany the louse infestation. A brief review of the etiology and treatment of pediculosis ciliaris has been presented. Every physician should be aware of this disorder and be adequately prepared to treat it.
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PMID:Pediculosis ciliaris. 8 72

In recent years there has been a steady increase in the incidence of infestation with Phthirus pubis, a sexually transmitted louse. A recently introduced nonprescription liquid pediculicide, whose major ingredient is 0.3% pyrethrins synergized by 3.0% piperonyl butoxide (RiD), was compared for efficacy and safety with a prescription-only pediculicidal lotion whose major ingredient is 1% gamma-benzene hexachloride (Kwell). Thirty adult man and women with P. pubis infestation were assigned randomly to treatment with either the synergized pyrethrins or gamma-benzene hexachloride. A single 10-min application of the synergized-pyrethrin liquid produced the same results as a single 12-hr application of the gamma-benze hexachloride lotion: total eradication of adult lice and nymphs, cessation of pruritus, and no treatment-induced side effect. A follow-up visit a week after treatment verified all eradications.
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PMID:Treatment of infestation with Phthirus pubis: comparative efficacies of synergized pyrethrins and gamma-benzene hexachloride. 9 62

2213 lice of Neohaematopinus palaearctcus Ols. were collected from 152 of 865 examined specimens of Marmota caudata Geoffr. from different vertical zones of Tadjikistan. The long-tailed marmot is characterized by a moderate or poor infestation with lice. In the subalpine zone, where the number and density of these animals in rather high, the infestation rate is greater than that in the brushwood zone. In spring after hibernation the infestation of M. caudata is very low. Within the reporoduction period the infestation with lice increases, the latter begin to reproduce intensively. During the preparation for hibernation the infestation rate falls due to a less intensive reproduction of lice. There are no distinct differences in the infestation rate of long-tailed marmots belonging to different age groups since there are constant contacts between the individuals of the colony. Only reproducing females live together with brood by themselves, differ in moulting periods and in a greater intensity of invasion during reproduction.
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PMID:[Louse infestation of the red marmot, Marmota caudata, during its active period]. 12 46

Hopoes belonging to waves of migrants through the Balearic Islands in August and September showed high rates of infestation by Upupicola upupae (77--85 p. c.). The parasite species was almost exclusively confined to the long and mobile feathers of the bird's crown. And at this time of the year the Mallophaga had put their egg cases on the crest feathers, too. A mean of 7 feather-lice was found at this localisation in 8 positive cases sampled. As some of the birds were moulting just these parts of their plumage, a relative high loss of the lice egg masses had to be expected. Evidently, in these cases, the lice didn't adaptively synchronise laying with the period during which moulting occurs. The wings of hopoes are conspiciously barred glossy-black and white. Here the relative dark coloured lice were sitting predominantly in a dark feather area. In these places they were much less visble than on a neighbouring white area. Thus the parasites hide themselves according to their colour.
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PMID:[Incidence of Upupicola upupae in the crest of the hoopoe]. 59 75

An epidemic due to Pediculus humanus capitis occurred in the public schools of Buffalo, New York, in the winter of 1973. A survey at one elementary school showed that 20% of whites and no blacks were infested, and a city-wide prevalence survey during the academic year September 1972 to May 1973 showed that 7.2% of all pupils were infested. An epidemiological investigation showed that sex, age, race, socioeconomic status, crowding, method of closeting garments, and family size influenced the distribution of pediculosis but that hair length apparently was not a factor. Poverty and ignorance appeared to contribute to the persistence of infestation.
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PMID:An epidemic of pediculosis capitis. 87 Jun 74

An outbreak of head lice infestation (pediculosis) occurred in elementary school children in Barrow County, Georgia, in January 1974. An investigation was initiated to define the magnitude of the outbreak, determine factors that contribute to transmission, and disseminate information on control. All elementary school children in the county were examined for head lice and answered a questionnaire. Fifty-three (3%) of 1,783 white pupils were infested, but none of the 500 black pupils was infested. Distribution of infestation in the white pupils was influenced by grade, bed-sharing, socioeconomic status, infestation of other family members, crowding in the home, and family size; distribution was not influenced by hair length or the sex of the pupil. Recommendations for control based on the results of the investigation included procedures for identifying and processing cases, distributing free pediculicides, continuing surveillance, educating school personnel and parents on how to control the parasite.
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PMID:Epidemiology of an outbreak of head lice in Georgia. 96 97

To evaluate the efficacy and to determine the minimum effective dosage of four pediculicides against head louse infestation, as well as to select a safe, effective, practical, and cheap agent, 1,657 infested school children in 25 primary schools in Szu-Hu, Kou-Hu, and Ku-Keng Districts of Yunlin County were treated and 1,611 of them were examined. The overall cure rate was 73% and the rate for boys (84%) was higher than that for girls (71%). The cure rate of Nix (permethrin 1%) cream rinse was 81%. The cure rate for single dosages of 1, 2, 3 and 4 cases/tube (56 gm/tube) was 87%, 83%, 81% and 71%, respectively. The cure rate of Para aerosol (bioallethrine 0.66%) was 78%. The cure rate for single dosages of 30 and 40 cases/tube (90 gm/tube) was 87% and 70%, respectively. The cure rate of Prioderm (malathion 1%) cream shampoo was 64%. The cure rate for single dosages of 10, 15 and 20 cases/tube (40 gm/tube) was 74%, 71% and 52%, respectively. The cure rate of Delice (1% gamma benzene hexachloride) was 71%. The cure rate for single dosages of 5 and 10 ml/case was 64% and 76%, respectively. Of the 226 infested girls, 181 (80%) were found to be infested with 1-10 head lice, 33 (15%) with 11-50 lice, 7(3%) with 51-100 lice and 5 (2%) with over 100 lice. Of the 2,160 head lice collected, 1,788 (83%) were nymphs, 284 (13%) females, and 88 (4%) males. The mean number of head lice in each infested girl was 10 (range 1-137). The low cure rates obtained in the present study may be due to the fact that many school girl & have long hair. In comparison, Nix had the highest cure rate (81%) but the highest price (NT$ 120/case). The cure rate and price of Para aerosol (78%, NT$ 7.2/case) and Delice (71%, NT$ 16.7/case) came next. Prioderm (64%, NT$ 10.0/case) had the lowest rate and a slight offensive smell. Preliminary trials show that based on the cost-effectiveness, Para aerosol is best in head louse infestation control.
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PMID:Evaluation of efficacy of four pediculicides against head louse (Pediculus capitis) infestation. 137 57

Groups of sheep infested with strains of Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis were obtained from flocks either with a history of failure to control lice with synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pour-on insecticides, or from farms where SP compounds were not used. The sheep were treated according to the manufacturer's recommendations with registered "off-shears" SP formulations. All treatments were applied under ideal conditions with doses calculated on an individual body weight basis and applied to the dorsal mid-line from the base of the neck to the butt of the tail. Treated sheep were kept in pens and maintained in separate groups. The pour-on SP treatments significantly reduced the lice population but failed to eliminate the infestation in 7 of 13 experiments in sheep carrying strains of lice with resistance factors of greater than 4 to at least one of the SP compounds. Failures occurred with all three of the SP pour-ons currently registered for lice control in NSW and with both water-based and organic solvent-based formulations.
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PMID:Resistance to synthetic pyrethroid pour-on insecticides in strains of the sheep body louse Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis. 846 Sep 89

Reproductive activity of Synosternus cleopatrae (Rothschild) infesting Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi Thomas was studied in a natural setting in Israel. Rodents were trapped and measured (weight and length), their sex was identified, and their reproductive status estimated. Their ectoparasites were removed, and fleas were dissected and their oocytes measured. Two indices of flea reproductive activity were analyzed: "reproductive status," which distinguished between gravid and nongravid females, and "reproductive intensity," which was estimated as the sum over the two largest oocytes of the products of oocyte length multiplied by oocyte width. Both indices showed that no reproduction took place between November and January, but reproduction was relatively stable during the rest of the year. Although flea reproductive activity differed significantly among individual hosts, only a small fraction of gerbils (10-15%) carried a significantly different proportion of reproductive fleas than their monthly sample proportion (based on all fleas regardless of hosts). All these hosts carried a lower proportion of reproductive fleas than their monthly sample proportion. The host's sex, but not reproductive status or age, had a significant effect on flea reproduction, expressed as a higher reproductive activity on male gerbils. Infestation burden expressed as ectoparasite counts was included in the statistical analysis. Only lice, Polyplax gerbilli Ferris, but not S. cleopatrae, Stenoponia tripectinata (Tiraboschi), and a total of five mesostigmatid Acari had a significantly negative association with S. cleopatrae reproductive activity. These relationships between S. cleopatrae reproductive activity and the host infestation burden do not support the hypothesis of modulation of S. cleopatrae reproduction by the infestation burden. However, differences in the reproductive activity of ectoparasites between their hosts may play a major role to generate the parasite clumped distribution. Thus, gerbil males probably carry more fleas than gerbil females because of the higher reproductive activity of S. cleopatrae on gerbil males.
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PMID:Reproductive activity of Synosternus cleopatrae (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in relation to host factors. 146 Jun 33


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