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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Systematic lymphographic studies in 13 cases of infection with Onchocerca volvulus have enabled a "lymphographic diagram" to be made for each infected patient. The images obtained are similar to those observed in wuchereriasis. The microfilariae in onchocerciasis, however, are not transmitted in the lymphatic system, and the lesions, which vary according to the degree of infestation, show little progression. They are found mainly in the inguino-crural ganglia which are the first main ganglionic relay system for the lower limbs.
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PMID:[Results of lymphography in 13 cases of onchocerciasis]. 65 Jun 32

In the focus of human onchocerciasis in Togo (Mono River), the authors collected 250 Simulium damnosum s.l. engorged on a cow parasitized by O. dukei, O. ochengi, O. gutturosa and O. armillata. On 39 Simulium damnosum dissected 24 h after the blood meal, 5 had ingested O. gutturosa, 1 O. armillata, 18 O. dukei and 6 O. ochengi; only for O. ochengi, the microfilariae have reached the hemocoel (3. S. damnosum on 6). From 48 h to 5 days, 6 on 132 S. damnosum contained developing larvae (2 Simulium with young first stage larvae at 48th hour; 1 with young first stage at 3rd day; 1 with first molting at 4th day; 2 with second molting larvae at 5th day). From 6th to 9th days, 2 Simulium on 89 have infective stages. All these larvae cannot be distinguished from those of O. volvulus. A good presumption does exist that O. ochengi can develop in S. damnosum: crossing of the stomach wall only by these microfilariae, presence of larvae of which the development-stage corresponds to the moment of the blood-meal, observation of the second molting five days later. It is difficult to ascertain that the three infective stages observed from 6th to 9th day pertain to O. ochengi, because the presence of a natural (human or animal) infestation; but it appears quite impossible that larvae which can develop to the second molting cannot be transformed in an infective stage.
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PMID:[Observations on the life cycle of O. ochengi in Simulium damnosum s.l. in Togo (author's transl)]. 75 27

In the part ten years, 9,650 anatomopathologic examinations have been carried out in the National Laboratory of Histopathology for Public Health in Brazzaville: 250 cases of parasitic infestation were diagnosed. In order of frequency were noted; 144 cases of bilharzia due to Schistosoma haematobium with 75 genito-urinary localisations and 51 appendicular cases, 31 cases of onchocercosis with a majority of subcutaneous nodules (17), 17 cases of digestive helminthiasis all locate in the ileo-caecal-appendix and discovered during systematic appendicular exploration, 13 cases of colitic or recto-sigmoidal amebiasis. These results point out 68 cases of appendicular parasitism. This should be in favour of more systematic anatomopathological examination of the ileo-caecal appendix both in tropical and in temperate regions.
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PMID:[Anatomopathologic diagnosis of parasitosis in Congo]. 168 37

Initial clinical trials with ivermectin were performed in patients with both roundworm infestation and onchocerciasis. Obvious clinical safety allowed for rapid progression through 5-30-50-100-150-200 mcg/kg in infected patients. Initial studies showed some effect at 50 mcg/kg; subsequent double-blind controlled studies, either with placebo or diethylcarbamazine (DEC), confirmed the efficacy of ivermectin as well as further defining its safety profile. Absence of adverse eye findings or serious systemic reactions justified the further open trials. Studies of patients treated at 6, 12, or 18 month intervals showed a long lasting effect of ivermectin in reducing skin microfilaria counts. Phase III studies confirmed safety and efficacy and further refined the dose to 150 mcg/kg every 12 months. Large trials in Liberia and other countries in West Africa, and subsequently under Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP), included approximately 120,000 persons carefully followed during which few patients with serious adverse experiences were reported. These extensive field trials confirmed the relative safety allowing for broad distribution of ivermectin in programs not able to provide physician monitoring.
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PMID:Ivermectin--clinical trials and treatment schedules in onchocerciasis. 219 49

In a prospective study to determine the tolerance for and safety of ivermectin therapy for onchocerciasis in a hyperendemic area in Sierra Leone, 28 (32%) of 87 patients had adverse reactions that required treatment with acetylsalicylic acid and antihistamines, but none of the observed adverse reactions were considered life-threatening. A significant relation was found between the frequency and severity of side-effects and the degree of parasite infestation, as quantified by the skin-snip counts. Free administration of ivermectin to severely infected onchocerciasis patients is not recommended without some form of medical supervision.
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PMID:Side-effects of ivermectin in treatment of onchocerciasis. 256 40

Onchocerciasis is recognized as one of the most important filarial infections of man that involve grave dermatological disorders. The World Health Organization estimates that a total of 40 million people are suffering from this disease. Onchocerciasis means grave socioeconomic problems with very negative effects on general development in most regions where it is endemic. It often forces people to leave fertile agricultural valleys in an attempt to escape the disease and the flies that carry it. Though onchocerciasis has been known to medicine for over 100 years, it is only recently that it has started to be dealt with scientifically. In the last decade more has been learned about the parasite itself and about the medical aspects of infestation with it. This paper presents the mechanism of transmission, the clinico-epidemiological extent, the methods of diagnosis currently available, the immune response and the problems of both individual therapy and disease control.
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PMID:[Onchocerciasis. Transmission--clinical aspects--diagnosis--treatment--immune relations]. 332 70

The effects of Onchocerca volvulus infection on immunoglobulin levels have been studied in subjects from three localities with different onchocerciasis prevalence rates. Infestation by O. volvulus provoked a 200-500% rise in total serum IgE levels. Immunoglobulins G, M. and A were increased less dramatically. To study further the IgE response, radioallergosorbent test (RAST) systems were developed using total extract of O. volvulus and Onchocerca supernatant (excretory-secretory) antigens. Both antigen preparations reacted with more than 80% of the onchocerciasis sera from the hyperendemic village, but the reactions were not proportionate to skin microfilarial density. There were also positive reactions with sera of some individuals whose skin biopsies showed no microfilariae, indicating prior exposure to the parasite. European control sera tested under similar conditions reacted only slightly in the RAST system. The developed RAST systems may thus be used for determining prior exposure to O. volvulus.
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PMID:Serum immunoglobulin E levels in onchocerciasis: the development of a radioallergosorbent test for Onchocerca volvulus infection. 400 65

A 14-year-old native of Ethiopia with previously treated onchocerciasis moved to California where he was examined for evidence of persisting nematode infestation. Skin and conjunctival biopsy specimens initially disclosed no abnormalities. Subsequently, conjunctival nodules developed, and a biopsy specimen of one of these revealed microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus lying adjacent to a necrotic eosinophilic granulomatous inflammatory nodule. To our knowledge, nodules of this type have not heretofore been reported to be a notable feature of ocular onchocerciasis. This type of inflammation has a relationship to degenerating microfilaria in onchocerciasis and in other nematode infestation.
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PMID:Conjunctival nodules associated with onchocerciasis. 400 23

Because of the paucity of literature concerning onchocerciasis and its vectors in Sierra Leone, new information of the geographical distribution of the Simulium damnosum complex is presented in the context of a comprehensive review of what is known generally about S. damnosum s.l. in Sierra Leone, and how the data relate to the transmission of onchocerciasis. Neither biting adults nor breeding sites have been found on the coastal plain and Freetown peninsula, and these area seem to be free from infestation. Throughout the rest of the country S. damnosum s.l. breeds extensively in all the major river systems. The close proximity of the major rivers to one another facilitates inter-river migration, and ensures that most villages are well within the fly's dispersal range. In accordance with this, onchocerciasis is widespread throughout Sierra Leone and vector biting has been recorded away from riverine breeding sites. Seven cytospecies have been recorded in Sierra Leone but of these S. sirbanum and S. damnosum s.str. are rare outside the far north, in the narrow savanna belt. Simulium squamosum and S. yahense are widely distributed, although S. squamosum is somewhat less common than S. yahense which unexpectedly occurs in large rivers of the forest and savanna as well as small forest streams. Simulium sanctipauli has been found in the south-east of the country, where the forest is most dense, whereas S. soubrense occurs farther north. A new species referred to as S. soubrense 'B' is restricted to the south and west of the country. Over most of Sierra Leone onchocerciasis shows a 'forest' epidemiology and is transmitted by 'forest' vector cytospecies. However, data from the narrow savanna belt in the extreme north are sparse.
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PMID:The distribution of the Simulium damnosum complex in Sierra Leone and its relation to onchocerciasis. 409 66

Infestation with intestinal parasites can now be controlled by several broad-spectrum compounds. These drugs are particularly useful against multiple intestinal parasites, as frequently found in tropical and subtropical countries, and are well suited to mass treatment. The introduction of oxamniquine and praziquantel constitutes a break through in the treatment of intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis. Praziquantel also perfectly controls taeniasis, sometimes including its larval form (cysticercosis). Experience is too short to evaluate the effectiveness of benzimidazoles (notably albendazole), administered post-operatively or alone when surgery is contra-indicated, in the treatment of hepatic or alveolar hydatid disease. Better drugs are needed to treat Fasciola hepatica infestation or to control onchocerciasis and other diseases due to filariae.
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PMID:[Present status of the treatment of helminthiasis]. 623 58


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