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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence of liver cancer is high in all low-resource regions of the world, with the exception of Northern Africa and Western Asia. The estimated worldwide number of new cases of liver cancer in 2002 is 600,000, of which 82% are from developing countries. Given the poor survival from this disease, the estimated number of deaths is similar to that of new cases. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main form of liver cancer. A part from chronic infections with Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses, which are the main causes of HCC, contamination of foodstuff with aflatoxins, a group of mycotoxins produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, is an important contributor to HCC burden in many low-income country. Alcoholic cirrhosis is an important risk factor for HCC in populations with low prevalence of HBV and HCV infection, and the association between tobacco smoking and HCC is now established. Diabetes is also related to an excess risk of HCC and the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity likely contributes to it. The second most important type of liver cancer is cholangiocarcinoma, whose main known cause is infestation with the liver flukes, Opistorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, which is frequent in some areas in South-East Asia. Angiosarcoma is a rare form of liver cancer whose occurence is linked to occupational exposure to vinyl chloride.
Cancer Lett 2009 Dec 01
PMID:Liver cancer: descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection. 1909 58

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal malignant tumor arising from the biliary tract epithelium, characterized by its typically late clinical presentation and lack of effective therapeutic modalities. Chronic inflammatory conditions, including primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver fluke infestation and hepatolithiasis, are listed in the risk factors, but for most cases of CCA the cause is unknown. Recent advances in molecular pathogenesis have highlighted the importance of epigenetic alterations including promoter hypermethylation and histone deacetylation in addition to genetic changes in the process of cholangiocarcinogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the genes hypermethylated in CCA to date and their putative roles in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Among genes hypermethylated, we found the CpG island hypermethylation in suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) gene promoter in CCA. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation are aberrantly sustained in CCA cells, resulting in resistance to apoptosis. SOCS3 controls the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway by a classic feedback loop. Indeed, SOCS3 epigenetic silencing is responsible for sustained IL-6/STAT3 signaling in CCA. These findings provide new perspectives for epigenetic therapy to restore SOCS3 in this cancer.
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PMID:Epigenetic alterations in cholangiocarcinoma-sustained IL-6/STAT3 signaling in cholangio- carcinoma due to SOCS3 epigenetic silencing. 1915 83

The present nested case-control study within the Khon Kaen cohort study was conducted to assess risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) development. Cases were 108 subjects with proven CCA, by ultrasound at least, and controls also numbered 108, matched by sex, age (not more than 3 years difference) and period of recruitment to the cohort (not more than 3 months difference). A questionnaire was constructed based on that employed for the Khon Kaen cohort study recruitment. McNemar's chi-square test and conditional logistic regression were used for crude analysis and multiple conditional logistic regression for multivariate analysis. Results revealed a sex ratio of 2:1 for males:females. The current study found a statistically significant relationship when adjusted for other potential covariate factors between cholangiocarcinoma and the consumption of total fruits 3-4.6 times per day (OR= 0.32, 95% CI= 0.12-0.88) and history of Opisthorchis viverrini eggs in stools at recruitment plus consumption of meat <0.45 times per day (OR= 2.99, 95% CI= 1.04-8.62). The findings suggest that O. viverrini infestation is the strongest risk factor for development of cholangiocarcinoma and also suggests decrease in risk among individuals who consume more fruit.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
PMID:Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in Khon Kaen, Thailand: a nested case-control study. 1953 93

The parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosis causes hydatid disease, which is rarely encountered in nonendemic regions. It is a progressive disease with serious morbidity risks. Rarely, these cysts are found in the spine. They are mainly found epidurally, originating from direct extension from pulmonary, abdominal or pelvic infestation. Nevertheless, the main mechanism for intradural involvement is not yet clear. Antihelminthic treatment should be administered for a long period following early decompressive surgery. We report a case of recurrent hydatid disease that presented unusual intradural dissemination. Prognosis for spinal hydatid disease remains very poor and comparable to that of a malignant neoplasm.
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PMID:Intradural extramedullary spinal hydatidosis: case report. 1957 34

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal malignant tumor arising from the biliary tract epithelium. Chronic inflammatory conditions, including primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver fluke infestation, and hepatolithiasis, are considered risk factors, but the cause is still unknown in most cases. Recent advances in molecular pathogenesis have highlighted the importance of epigenetic alterations, including promoter hypermethylation and histone deacetylation, in the process of cholangiocarcinogenesis. More recently, research interest has been focusing on microRNA (mir), a major subtype of non-coding RNA. Mir is highly conserved among species and regulates the expression of specific target genes by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions of messenger RNA. The number of studies on a possible link between mir and various cancers is growing. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the genes currently known to be hypermethylated in CCA and their putative roles in cholangiocarcinogenesis. The epigenetic role of mir in the pathogenesis of CCA is also discussed.
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PMID:Epigenetic alterations associated with cholangiocarcinoma (review). 1957 60

Cholangiocarcinoma is a common hepatobiliary carcinoma in Thailand. It is believed that both chronic exposure to liver fluke infestation and nitrosamine exposure are the two main underlying factors leading to the carcinogenesis. Here, the author further extrapolates and proposes a new hypothesis based on the environmental ecological data that the stimulation of fresh water fish by contaminated pesticide in water reservoirs might be a possible background of the high prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009
PMID:Pesticides, fresh water fish, liver flukes and nitrosamines: A story of cholangiocarcinoma development in Thailand. 2016 55

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a cancer originating from the neoplastic transformation of the biliary epithelium, is characterized by a progressive increase in incidence and prevalence. A number of risk factors have been identified including primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver fluke infestation, and hepatolithiasis. More recently, hepatitis viruses (HCV, HBV) have been taken into consideration as risk factors for the intrahepatic CCA and this could explain the increased incidence seen in the last two decades. All these risk factors induce chronic inflammation in the biliary epithelium together with partial bile obstruction. These two conditions are considered the background (chronic inflammation) favouring the cancer development. The only effective treatment is the radical surgical resection but, this is applicable in less than 40% of the patients since CCA is mostly diagnosed at an advanced stage. This mainly occurs because, in the majority of the cases, CCA is clinically silent, with symptoms only developing at an advanced stage but also for the lack of effective biomarkers to be used for a screening purpose. A number of serum and bile biomarkers have been recently proposed for the diagnosis of CCA but, their impact on the early diagnosis is still under the evaluation.
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PMID:Cholangiocarcinoma: risk factors and clinical presentation. 2049 49

We present the case of a 64-year-old woman who suffered from occasional right upper abdominal pain for several months. Both abdominal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a hepatic mass of indeterminate nature. F-18 FDG PET/CT showed a solitary hypermetabolic mass in the liver; a malignancy was therefore suspected. Her hepatic tumor was resected; it was a solitary necrotic nodule with larval infestation but no evidence of malignancy.
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PMID:Solitary necrotic nodule with larval infestation in the liver on F-18 FDG PET/CT. 2070 54

The results of a complex (histological and electron microscopic) study of surgical specimens from 22 patients (15 men and 7 women aged 17 to 72 years) are presented. The histological study diagnosed low-, moderate, and high-grade hepatocellular carcinoma in 5, 12, 5 patients, respectively. The electron microscopic study established that low-grade cancer cells preserved to a greater extent the principal specific ultrastructural organization that was characteristic of normal hepatocytes. The moderate-grade type was presented as different ratio of tumor cells of various grades. At the same time, the degree of ultrastructural differentiation of tumor cells did not depend on the histological (trabecular, solid) structure of the tumor. The high-grade type was characterized by the signs of significant cell structural and functional rearrangement; changes in the number, sizes, and shape of intracellular masses (a nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic network, lysosomes). Moreover, the destruction of the intracellular matrix and vascular basal membrane, reduced contacts between the tumor cells with the latter being attached to the thinned vascular wall underlie local infestation and neoplastic metastasis.
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PMID:[Ultrastructural characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma]. 2073 25

Isolated tuberculous orchitis is a rare entity. The coexistence of tuberculosis of the testis with filarial worm infestation is even more rare. In this report, we present a case of tuberculous involvement of the testis, associated with filarial worm infestation in the spermatic cord that presented as a testicular tumor. A 55-year-old male presented with unilateral testicular swelling of four months duration. As the clinical evaluation was suggestive of testicular malignancy, he underwent a right high orchidectomy. The histopathology report revealed isolated tuberculous orchitis without epididymal involvement along with filarial infestation of the spermatic cord.
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PMID:Isolated tuberculous orchitis: A mimicker of testicular malignancy. 2087 10


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