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Query: UMLS:C0851341 (infestation)
 10,121 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii (PCP) is regularly encountered in organ allograft recipients who are immunosuppressed to prevent rejection. Recipients of lung/heart allografts may be particularly prone to pulmonary infection due to systemic immunosuppression and the fact that defense mechanisms in the transplanted lung may be further impaired through tissue incompatibility and the effects of surgery. In this study, we monitored 16 lung transplant recipients for infection with Pneumocystis carinii using serial bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and found the prevalence of Pneumocystis infection of the lung to be 88%. Six episodes were associated with the usual symptoms of pneumonia, whereas 10 episodes were associated with minimal or no symptoms. In 3 of the 6 symptomatic episodes, a concurrent bacterial infection was also found. The total number of cells recovered from the lung by BAL, the proportion of T-lymphocytes, and the number of cytotoxic/suppressor and helper/inducer cells were elevated during infection with Pneumocystis compared to before and after. Spontaneous and interleukin-2-induced proliferation of BAL cells in vitro was also higher during infection, suggesting that there was an increased number of activated T-lymphocytes in the airspaces of the infected allograft. BAL cells cultured with irradiated spleen cells from the donor proliferated at higher levels when obtained after Pneumocystis infection than when obtained before or during infection even for subclinical infections. These results indicate that in the absence of prophylaxis, the prevalence of Pneumocystis infestation is very high after lung/heart transplantation. Impaired defense of the transplanted lung does not seem to stem from the inability of activated T-lymphocytes to accumulate in the allograft.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Unexpectedly high incidence of Pneumocystis carinii infection after lung-heart transplantation. Implications for lung defense and allograft survival. 314 96

Globule cells have been observed in mucosae for many years. Recently, a subpopulation of these globule cells in the intestinal mucosa of man and rodents have been identified as unique mast cells. In this communication, intraepithelial globule cells and some lamina-propria mast cells found in the normal rat urinary-bladder wall have been characterized as mucosal mast cells, similar to intestinal mast cells, and differentiated morphologically and histochemically from rat peritoneal mast cells. The number of mast cells in the bladder wall increased significantly during various bladder manipulations, including mechanical trauma, parasitic infestation and bacterial infection. The origin and function of the mucosal mast cells remains unknown.
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PMID:Mucosal mast cells as a component of the inflammatory response to lower-urinary tract infection. 353 57

Acute diarrhea in adults is usually caused by bacterial infection, parasitic infestation, food poisoning, or drugs. In this review, we summarize the pros and cons of medical therapies, point out certain areas of controversy, and propose a rationale for early intervention. Discussion is limited to the use of antidiarrheal agents and antibiotics in acute infectious diarrhea.
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PMID:Management of acute diarrhea. 636 16

Strongyloidiasis is a tenacious soil-transmitted nematode infestation endemic in the south-eastern United States. Thirty-three cases were diagnosed in a series of 1,290 stool examinations in 971 patients at Veterans Administration Medical Center, Mountain Home, Tennessee. Most patients had a concurrent major illness, such as chronic lung disease, serious bacterial infection, or cancer. A minority presented with gastrointestinal symptoms alone. Skin rash was uncommon. Eosinophilia, IgE elevation, and skin anergy were common. Atypical presentations included severe proctitis, colitis, and exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease. In a patient with the hyperinfection syndrome, the diagnosis was made only at autopsy. Since strongyloidiasis seems to present like an opportunistic illness, all physicians, not just those in endemic areas, should consider its presence in the appropriate setting.
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PMID:Strongyloidiasis. When to suspect the wily nematode. 660 65

Certain enteric ailments are particularly common among homosexual men. They are primarily infectious diseases and include not only such common venereal diseases as gonorrhea and syphilis but also infections not usually regarded as being sexually transmitted. Among the latter are shigellosis, salmonellosis, giardiasis, and amebiasis. Patients' symptoms are non-specific and seldom helpful in diagnosing particular diseases. The practitioner must be prepared to identify a number of infections with similar presentations that may occur singly or together in gay men. Gonorrhea is probably the most common bacterial infection in gay men. Carriage rates as high as 50% have been reported, and extra-genital carriage is common; this necessitates culturing the urethra, rectum, and pharynx. Procaine penicillin G is the treatment of choice for most patients; spectinomycin is probably the drug of choice in penicillin-sensitive patients. In contrast to other venereal diseases, syphilis may have a characteristic protoscopic presentation. Benzathine penicillin G is the treatment of choice for most patients. Lymphogranuloma venereum causes penile lesions and inguinal lymphadenitis in heterosexual men, whereas homosexual men are more prone to proctitis. The disease may mimic Crohn's disease. Recommended treatment includes tetracycline or sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Shigellosis usually presents as an acute diarrheal illness. Patients generally require only supportive treatment with fluids. Herpes simplex viral infection is difficult to diagnose and has several different presentations, including lumbosacral radiculomyelopathy. Symptomatic treatment with sitz baths, anesthetic ointment, and analgesics is recommended. Venereal warts are believed to be caused by the same virus that causes verrucous warts; they are usually found in the anal canal or around the anal orifice. They are commonly treated with 25% podophyllin solution. Parasitic infections include giardiasis, amebiasis, and pinworm infections. Metronidazole may be used in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis and amebiasis, but it is not approved for the former indication; quinacrine is approved for giardiasis. Pinworm infestation may be treated with pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole. Cure of enteric diseases in homosexual men must be documented.
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PMID:Enteric diseases of homosexual men. 676 90

Nongravid female German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), and females with young or old oothecae were exposed to infective stage juvenile (L3) Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) All strain by topical application and continuous exposure. Topically applied nematodes resulted in < or = 40% mortality 7 d after inoculation, whereas 100% of females continuously exposed to nematodes were dead within 7 d. Females carrying old oothecae had significantly lower LT50s (0.07 h) than females with young oothecae (42.71 h) and females without oothecae (38.49 h). Fully formed oothecae were not penetrated by the nematodes, even though infective juveniles were found in the vestibulum between the female genitalia and on the proximal end of the ootheca. Partially formed oothecae were infested (100%) by nematodes derived from the female. Topical application of nematodes to the proximal end, side, or keel of mature oothecae that were detached from females did not result in nematode infestation, and the nymphs emerged normally. Oothecae continuously exposed to nematodes were similarly not infested but exhibited significant mortality, probably caused by bacterial infection.
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PMID:Pathogenicity and limited transoothecal transmission of Steinernema carpocapsae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) in adult female German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). 815 15

In the last decade, human scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei and other non human strains is one of the most common contagious parasitic disease. Over a period of one year (June 1991--May 1992), a total of 200 scabietic patients were diagnosed in the outpatients' clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, Benha University Hospitals. They were 120 females and 80 males (sex ratio = 1.5:1). Their ages ranged between three months up to 70 years old. Most of the patients were parasitologically positive (160 or 80%). The most common signs and symptoms were itching, skin burrows, scratch markings, papules and pustules. Regional lymphadenitis was sometimes present as well as fever in patients with secondary bacterial infection. The most affected sites were the abdomen (100%), followed by the buttocks (81.3%), the thigh (50%), legs (50%) and the arms and web spaces (62.5%). The male external genitalia was infested in 60% and the female breast was infested in 72.7%. The sex and site distribution of the infestations were attributed to the risk factor of exposure to infestation. The patients were successfully treated with 5% sulfur precipitate and 2-5% permethrin. The whole results were discussed on the light of the previous work.
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PMID:Clinical and parasitological aspects on human scabies in Qualyobia Governorate, Egypt. 848 72

An infected primary solitary hydatid cyst of the retroperitoneum that displaced the right kidney and liver and elevated the diaphragm is described. It showed pericystic calcification and contained an air-fluid interface. No other hydatid cyst was demonstrable in any organ. The cyst was treated by surgery together with povidone-iodine irrigation and albendazole prophylaxis for secondary infestation. In these lesions, increased CT density of the mother cyst and lower densities of the daughter vesicles are pathognomonic. In the present case, secondary bacterial infection further increased the CT density of the mother cyst, while the daughter vesicles remained uninfected and were visible as lower densities.
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PMID:Infected primary hydatid cyst of retroperitoneum. 877 25

Eosinophils participate in the inflammatory response seen in allergy and parasitic infestation, but a role in host defense against bacterial infection is not settled. The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) has been demonstrated in neutrophils and it exerts bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against a wide variety of Gram-negative bacterial species. Using the Western blot technique, a 55-kD band, corresponding to BPI, was detected in lysates from both neutrophils and eosinophils. The localization of BPI in immature and mature eosinophils was investigated using immunoelectron microscopy. BPI was found in immature and mature specific granules of eosinophils and was detected in phagosomes as well, indicating release of the protein from the granules into the phagosomes. Using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, eosinophils were shown to contain 179 ng of BPI/5 x 10(6) eosinophils compared with 710 ng BPI/5 x 10(6) neutrophils. The presence of BPI in eosinophils suggests a role for these cells in host defense against Gram-negative bacterial invasion or may suggest a role for BPI against parasitic infestation.
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PMID:The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is present in specific granules of human eosinophils. 961 76

Between 1991 and 1996, necropsies were performed on 445 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), in various states of preservation, stranded on German coasts or accidentally caught by German fishermen. The animals originated from the North and Baltic Seas, and 133 were considered suitable for histopathological, immunohistochemical and microbiological examination. Most of the lesions in these 133 porpoises were caused by parasites, in particular in the respiratory tract, two-thirds of the animals exhibiting pneumonia associated with the parasites. Pneumonia was considered to be the cause of death in 46% of the stranded subadult and adult animals. The findings gave no evidence of any epidemic due to bacterial or viral infection. Bacteriological examination suggested that pneumonia was mainly caused by secondary bacterial infection and not by parasitic infestation alone. Beta-haemolytic streptococci were considered to be the main infectious agents. Morbillivirus antigen was not detected immunohistochemically.
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PMID:Post-mortem findings in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the German North and Baltic Seas. 1122 6


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