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Query: UMLS:C0851184 (thinning)
 11,252 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bone and calcium metabolism was investigated in genetically obese, diabetic db/db mice and compared with that in a new hypoglycemic agent (AS-6) treated db/db mice and in their lean litter mates as controls. The 5-week-old db/db mice (serum Ca 9.88 +/- 0.22 mg/dl, glucose 258.6 +/- 13.3 mg/dl) were randomly divided into two groups. One group, together with their lean litter mates, was fed a commercial diet (CE-2). The other db/db group was fed CE-2 diet containing 0.1% of AS-6. Both groups were fed for 20 weeks. The serum glucose and calcium levels in db/db control groups (serum Ca 12.3 +/- 0.1 mg/dl, glucose 650.2 +/- 23.9 mg/dl) were higher than those in lean control groups (Ca 9.8 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, glucose 180.7 +/- 10.1 mg/dl). The wet, dry and ashed weights of the femur in db/db control were significantly lower and the length of femur in db/db control was significantly shorter than those of lean controls. These data suggest that retarded bone growth in db/db mice is related to progression of diabetes. Although, there was no change in Ca/P, Ca/ash and total perimeter in femurs, the cortical area in the femurs of db/db control mice (0.65 +/- 0.02 mm2) was significantly smaller than that of the femurs of lean control mice (0.74 +/- 0.02 mm2). The cortical bone thinning observed in the db/db control could have been caused by increased bone resorption. Treatment with AS-6 for 20 weeks resulted in a 48.6% decrease of serum glucose and 5.2% decrease of calcium as compared with db/db controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Altered bone metabolism in db/db mice]. 143 49

To study the pathophysiology of bone disorder after gastrectomy, 320 patients and 40 Wistar male rats were used. Clinically, patients who had received gastrectomy 1-15 years previously, were examined for skeletal symptoms, serum biochemistry, microdensitometry of second metacarpal bone, and 20 of them were then studied in a calcium infusion test. Using microdensitometry, abnormality of bone metabolism was observed in 38% of the patients. In severe cases, a significant decrease of serum Ca. and increase of alkaline phosphatase were observed (p less than 0.05), 65% complained of joint pain. In the calcium infusion test, severe cases showed a low urinary excretion of Ca, like osteomalacia, and unlike osteoporosis. Experimentally, body weight & amount of food intake decreased and fatty diarrhea was observed in rats after total gastrectomy. Skeletal changes including thinning of the cortex, loss of medullary trabeculation & decrease of bone ash and biochemical changes such as low serum Ca. 25(OH)D3, 24, 25(OH)2D3 and high iPTH levels were observed. Also the bone formation rate was lower than control as detected by tetracycline double labelling method. As low food intake & fatty diarrhea after gastrectomy which result in Ca. & vit. D insufficiency may be the major etiology of bone disorder.
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PMID:[Bone disorder after gastrectomy--clinical & experimental studies]. 226 41

Cement kiln dust (CKD) samples of which have been reported to stimulate growth in cattle and sheep, was fed to weanling pigs in a 42-d experiment. CKD at levels of 1.5 and 3.0% was added to a corn-soybean meal-oats-whey-type diet containing inadequate amounts of Ca (.4% of the diet) to provide final dietary Ca levels of .85 and 1.3%. A diet containing 3% limestone (1.3% dietary Ca) served as a positive control. Body weight gain was depressed by 3.0% CKD, and histopathological lesions of the humerus, not typical of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism or rickets, were observed. The lesions detected were osteonecrosis, thinning of the cortex and reduction in the width of the epiphyseal cartilage. Width of the proximal epiphyseal plate and cortical index of the humerus (width of cortex divided by total diameter at narrowest point of diaphysis) were smaller in pigs fed 3% CKD than in pigs fed 3% limestone. CKD contained 2.3% A1, 15 ppm Cd and 110 ppm Pb, providing 690, .45 and 3.3 ppm of A1, Cd and Pb, respectively, in the diet containing 3% CKD. Kidney, liver and bone ash concentrations of these three minerals were not increased by CKD, and typical toxicity signs were absent. It is concluded that CKD may contain one or more factors that interfere with normal bone metabolism in growing pigs when the diet contains 3.0% CKD.
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PMID:Bone lesions in growing swine fed 3% cement kiln dust as a source of calcium. 708 4

This study was designed to test the effect of natural calcium on the bone loss induced by ovariectomy in rats. Thirty female four-month rats were divided into three groups: sham operated group (Sham), ovariectomized group (OVX) and ovariectomized with calcium supplementation group (OVX + CA). OVX + CA rats were treated with calcium at a dose of 50 mg/kg weight per day for 90 days after surgery. Blood biochemical analysis, bone pathology, bone histomorphometric measurement and bone weight were processed. OVX rats were characterized by thinning, wormerosion like loss of trabecular bones, decreased volume of cancellous bone, increases in osteoblast index and osteoclast index, decreases in wet, dry and ash weights of left femur, and decreases in contents of calcium and phosphorus of bones. Treatment of OVX + p6 rats with calcium provided complete protection against bone loss and significantly depressed bone turnover. Our results indicate that natural calcium is effective in prevention of osteopenia in ovariectomized rats. The authors believe that the main mechanism of calcium against bone loss exists in correction of minus calcium balance, and depression of high bone turnover, especially the absorption action of osteoclasts.
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PMID:[Effect of natural calcium against osteopenia in ovariectomized rats]. 765 44

The photosynthesis and productivity of Lemna gibba were studied with a view to its use in Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS). Photosynthesis of L. gibba floating on the nutrient solution could be driven by light coming from either above or below. Light from below was about 75% as effective as from above when the stand was sparse, but much less so with dense stands. High rates of photosynthesis (ca. 800 nanomoles CO2 g dry weight (DW)-1 s-1) were measured at 750 micromoles m-2 s-1 PPF and 1500 micromoles mol-1 CO2. This was attained at densities up to 660 g fresh weight (FW) m-2 with young cultures. After a few days growth under these conditions, and at higher densities, the rate of photosynthesis dropped to less than 25% of the initial value. This drop was only partly alleviated by thinning the stand or by introducing a short dark period at high temperature (26 degrees C). Despite the drop in the rate of photosynthesis, maximum yields were obtained in batch cultures grown under continuous light, constant temperature and high [CO2]. Plant protein content was less than reported for field grown Lemna. When the plants were harvested daily, maintaining a stand density of 600 g FW m-2, yields of 18 g DW m-2 d-1 were obtained. The total dry weight of L. gibba included 40% soluble material (sugars and amino acids), 15% protein, 5% starch, 5% ash and 35% cellulose and other polymers. We conclude that a CELSS system could be designed around stacked, alternate layers of transparent Lemna trays and lamps. This would allow for 7 tiers per meter height. Based on present data from single layers, the yield of such a system is calculated to be 135 g DW m-3 d-1 of a 100% edible, protein-rich food.
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PMID:Carbon balance and productivity of Lemna gibba, a candidate plant for CELSS. 1153 89

The objective of this study was to examine changes in the long bones of male C57BL/6J mice with growth and aging, and to consider the applicability of this animal for use in studying Type II osteoporosis. Male C57BL/6J mice were aged in our colony between 4 and 104 weeks (n=9-15/group). The right femur and humeri were measured for length and subjected to mechanical testing (3-point flexure) and compositional analysis. The left femurs were embedded and thick slices at the mid-diaphysis were assessed for morphology, formation indices, and bone structure. In young mice, rapid growth was marked by substantial increases in bone size, mineral mass, and mechanical properties. Maturity occurred between 12 and 42 weeks of age with the maintenance of bone mass and mechanical properties. From peak levels, mice aged for 104 weeks experienced decreased whole femur mass (12.1 and 18.6% for dry and ash mass, respectively), percentage mineralization (7.4%), diminished whole bone stiffness (29.2%), energy to fracture (51.8%), and decreased cortical thickness (20.1%). Indices of surface-based formation decreased rapidly from the onset of the study. However, the periosteal perimeter and, consequently, the cross-sectional moments of inertia continued to increase through 104 weeks, thus maintaining structural properties. This compensated for cortical thinning and increased brittleness due to decreased mineralization and stiffness. The shape of the mid-diaphysis became increasingly less elliptical in aged mice, and endocortical resorption and evidence of subsequent formation were present in 20-50% of femurs aged > or =78 weeks. This, combined with the appearance of excessive endocortical resorption after 52 weeks, indicated a shift in normal mechanisms regulating bone shape and location, and was suggestive of remodeling. The pattern of bone loss at the femoral mid-diaphysis in this study is markedly similar to that seen in cortical bone in the human femoral neck in Type II osteoporosis. This study has thus demonstrated that the male C57BL/6J mouse is a novel and appropriate model for use in studying endogenous, aging-related osteopenia and may be a useful model for the study of Type II osteoporosis.
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PMID:Bone development and age-related bone loss in male C57BL/6J mice. 1367 81

Starch isolated from hybrid maize (8535-23) was subjected to oxidation and acid thinning. Proximate analyses revealed that moisture, ash, protein, fat, fibre, and pH reduced after oxidation and acid thinning. Percentage amylose content reduced from 20.42% in native starch to 18.76 and 17.65% in oxidised and acid thinned starch derivatives, respectively. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns indicated strong peaks at 15.9 degrees, 17.2 degrees, 18.8 degrees, and 25.0 degrees 2theta. No significant difference was observed between the X-ray pattern of the native and modified starches. Both swelling power and solubility increased with increase in temperature. Oxidation and acid thinning reduced swelling power and increased solubility starch. At all pHs, both oxidation and acid thinning reduced the swelling capacity of the native starch. Oxidation increased water and oil absorption capacity of the native starch, while both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties reduced following acid thinning. Least gelation concentration reduced in acid thinned starch but increased in oxidised derivative. Pasting temperature (Tp), peak viscosity (Pv), hot paste viscosity (Hv), and viscosity after 30 min holding at 95 degrees C (H(v30)) reduced following both modifications. However, values for cold paste viscosity (Cv) and setback (SB) reduced in oxidised derivative and increased in acid thinned starch. Light transmittance of the starch pastes reduced with increase in storage days, however, reduction was more pronounced in native and acid thinned starches. Onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp) and conclusion temperature (Tc) of gelatinisation reduced in modified starches compared with native hybrid maize starch. Also, gelatinisation enthalpy reduced after oxidation and acid thinning. Enthalpy of regelatinisation increased as days of storage of starch paste increased.
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PMID:Oxidized and acid thinned starch derivatives of hybrid maize: functional characteristics, wide-angle X-ray diffractometry and thermal properties. 1576 18

Novel thermoplastic composites made from two major industrial and consumer wastes, fly ash and waste tire powder, have been developed. The effect of increasing fly ash loadings on performance characteristics such as tensile strength, thermal, dynamic mechanical and magnetic properties has been investigated. The morphology of the blends shows that fly ash particles have more affinity and adhesion towards the rubbery phase when compared to the plastic phase. The fracture surface of the composites shows extensive debonding of fly ash particles. Thermal analysis of the composites shows a progressive increase in activation energy with increase in fly ash loadings. Additionally, morphological studies of the ash residue after 90% thermal degradation shows extensive changes occurring in both the polymer and filler phases. The processing ability of the thermoplastics has been carried out in a Monsanto processability testing machine as a function of shear rate and temperature. Shear thinning behavior, typical of particulate polymer systems, has been observed irrespective of the testing temperatures. Magnetic properties and percolation behavior of the composites have also been evaluated.
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PMID:Fly ash reinforced thermoplastic vulcanizates obtained from waste tire powder. 1883 61

Our objective was to characterize the rate at which ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees decline in areas adjacent to the leading edge of visible ash canopy thinning due to emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Trees in southeastern Michigan were surveyed from 2003 to 2006 for canopy thinning and dieback by comparing survey trees with a set of 11 standard photographs. Freeways stemming from Detroit in all directions were used as survey transects. Between 750 and 1,100 trees were surveyed each year. A rapid method of sampling populations of emerald ash borer was developed by counting emerald ash borer emergence holes with binoculars and then felling trees to validate binocular counts. Approximately 25% of the trees surveyed for canopy thinning in 2005 and 2006 also were sampled for emerald ash borer emergence holes using binoculars. Regression analysis indicates that 41-53% of the variation in ash canopy thinning can be explained by the number of emerald ash borer emergence holes per tree. Emerald ash borer emergence holes were found at every site where ash canopy thinning averaged > 40%. In 2003, ash canopy thinning averaged 40% at a distance of 19.3 km from the epicenter of the emerald ash borer infestation in Canton. By 2006, the point at which ash trees averaged 40% canopy thinning had increased to a distance of 51.2 km away from Canton. Therefore, the point at which ash trees averaged 40% canopy thinning, a state of decline clearly visible to the average person, moved outward at a rate of 10.6 km/yr during this period.
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PMID:Progression of ash canopy thinning and dieback outward from the initial infestation of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in southeastern Michigan. 1895 47

We conducted field trials at five different locations over a period of 6 yr to investigate the efficacy of imidacloprid applied each spring as a basal soil drench for protection against emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Canopy thinning and emerald ash borer larval density were used to evaluate efficacy for 3-4 yr at each location while treatments continued. Test sites included small urban trees (5-15 cm diameter at breast height [dbh]), medium to large (15-65 cm dbh) trees at golf courses, and medium to large street trees. Annual basal drenches with imidacloprid gave complete protection of small ash trees for three years. At three sites where the size of trees ranged from 23 to 37 cm dbh, we successfully protected all ash trees beginning the test with <60% canopy thinning. Regression analysis of data from two sites reveals that tree size explains 46% of the variation in efficacy of imidacloprid drenches. The smallest trees (<30 cm dbh) remained in excellent condition for 3 yr, whereas most of the largest trees (>38 cm dbh) declined to a weakened state and undesirable appearance. The five-fold increase in trunk and branch surface area of ash trees as the tree dbh doubles may account for reduced efficacy on larger trees, and suggests a need to increase treatment rates for larger trees.
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PMID:Protection of individual ash trees from emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with basal soil applications of imidacloprid. 2021 76


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