Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0851184 (thinning)
 11,252 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Left ventricular dimensions were measured in Cd2+ arrested (presumably diastolic), open-chest rats. Aortic pressure was maintained at 137 cm H2O (100 mm Hg) and left-ventricular (luminal) pressures were established and maintained at their chosen values, each by means of reservoir systems. The selected left-ventricular pressures were chosen to be within or to even broaden the range of conceivable diastolic pressures (-3 to 48 cm H2O). After in situ fixation with 4% formaldehyde and gelatin embedding, the hearts were serially sectioned in the apex base direction to obtain information at 11 levels (10, 20, . . . 90, 100%). Tracings of selected sections were made along the edge of the left ventricular lumen and the pericardial surface. Volumes, surface areas, and mean external and internal radii of the left ventricle were derived. To quantify the circularity of sections a form factor (FF) was introduced (FF = 1 for a circular cross-section and less than one for other shapes). Ventricular lengths, radial dimensions, endocardial and epicardial surface areas, and total and luminal volumes increased with the increasing intraventricular pressures; as expected, the wall simultaneously thinned. Though its appearance was altered by the wall thinning, the curving muscle fascicular pattern was present over the entire pressure range examined. Endocardial surface areas increased more than did the epicardial surface areas. The endocardial FF value increased (more circular) at each section level as the pressure increased. The epicardial FF relationship was apparently constant (0.798 +/- 0.014) for all section levels from 10% through 90%, regardless of luminal pressure. These results, when taken in conjunction with the results of our previous published studies, prompted the following speculation. The wall of the diastolic ventricle is a fluid-filled chamber with intramyocardial pressures that may be higher than ventricular pressures.
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PMID:Left ventricular shape-luminal pressure relationship. An open-chest study. 195 75

Some metal ions, e.g. Hg2+, Cd2+ and Al3+, can have the effects as ecotoxicological agents, of causing eggshell thinning and breakage in birds. In a homogenate of the Ca2+-secreting part of the eggshell gland mucosa, a study was made of the influence of Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, methyl-Hg+, Zn2+, V3+, Al3+ and Ni2+ in different concentrations on the rate of ATP-dependent 10(-4) M Ca2+ binding. All compounds had an inhibitory action. The most potent metal (Hg2+) produced 50% inhibition (IC50) at 1.1 X 10(-6) M, whereas this value for the least potent compound (Ni2+) was 9 X 10(-4) M. The specific Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity was also inhibited by the tested metal ions. In all cases except methyl-Hg+ the IC50 for this activity was lower than that for Ca2+ binding. The most potent ion in this respect was Cd2+, with an IC50 of 8 X 10(-8) M, and the least potent was methyl-Hg+, with an IC50 of 1.4 X 10(-3) M. Pb2+ and Cd2+ in a concentration range of 10(-5)-10(-4) stimulated the Mg2+-ATPase activity, however, to almost the same extent as 10(-4) M Ca2+. A possible explanation for this effect is that these ions may have an affinity for sites of Ca2+ binding of the polypeptide calmodulin and thereby influence the Ca2+ metabolism of the shell gland mucosa.
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PMID:Effect of some metal compounds on the Ca2+ binding and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity of eggshell gland mucosa homogenate from the domestic fowl. 294 86

An experiment was carried out with a total of 100 broiler chickens of the Plymouth Rock breed. From hatching up to the 56th day of age they were offered a maize-soybean ration that was balanced in terms of nutrients and exogenically supplemented with cadmium at various rates in the form of cadmium chloride. The birds were divided into five experimental groups. The first group was given the basic ration with 2.5 mg Cd per kg of feed. The second group was given the same ration with 5 mg Cd; the third group--the same feed with 10 mg Cd; and the fourth group--the same ration with 20 mg Cd. The morphologic studies revealed that the presence of Cd in the feed led to severe dystrophic and necrotic changes accompanied with hemorrhages in the kidneys, heart muscle, and liver. Besides, the birds of the second and third group showed thinning and prolongation of villi intestinales, and those of the fourth group--shortening and thickening of the villi in the small intestine. These changes were indicative of chronic toxic lesions.
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PMID:[Morphological changes in chickens receiving cadmium with the feed]. 399 31

Mice (QS outbred strain) received a single subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride in saline on postnatal day 1, 8, 15, or 22. Histological examination, 24 hours after cadmium exposure on day 1, revealed petechial hemorrhages, edema, and cellular pycnosis throughout much of the immature brain. Treatment on days 8 or 15 produced similar damage, particularly edema and pycnosis, but affected progressively less of the brain until, by day 22, the brain was apparently unaffected by cadmium. Some animals, allowed to survive six to eight weeks after cadmium injection, showed behavioral anomalies and persistent brain deficits. Electron microscopic examination of parietal cortex from animals exposed to cadmium on day 1 revealed that petechial hemorrhages first occurred tow hours after treatment. The hemorrhages increased during the next six hours, and were accompanied by thinning and vacuolization of the capillary walls and widening of interendothelial gaps. In general, such changes were restricted to the partially differentiated capillaries. Degenerative changes in the brain cells were first seen about six hours after cadmium exposure.
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PMID:The toxic effects of cadmium on the neonatal mouse CNS. 721 3

Three-w-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a zinc (Zn)-deficient (0 ppm Zn) or a Zn-adequate diet (30 ppm Zn) supplemented with 0, 0.5 or 100 ppm cadmium (Cd) for up to 5 mo. The proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys had degenerative changes in the rats fed the Zn-deficient diet containing 100 ppm Cd [Zn 0, Cd 100], but there were no lesions in other groups. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic vacuolation of the proximal tubules, mitochondrial swelling and coagulative necrosis in Zn 0:Cd 100 rats. The present study revealed diminished bone growth and cortical thinning of the femur, but there was no osteomalacia seen in Itai-Itai disease patients. The results indicate that Zn deficiency may enhance the renal toxicity of Cd, but that dietary Cd did not cause osteomalacia even under severe Zn-deficient conditions.
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PMID:Effect of cadmium in the zinc deficient rat. 757 44

The toxic effects of long-term administration of cadmium (Cd) on the kidneys, liver, and hind leg bones were studied histologically and roentgenologically in 29-day-old female ICR-strain mice separated into groups variously fed 1) a commercial (calcium [1.17%], vitamin D [220IU/100g], vitamin E [10mg/100g]) diet, 2) a low Ca (0.18% diet, 3) a low Ca and low D (50IU/100g) diet, and 4) a low Ca, low D and low E (5mg/100g) diet. Though the levels of vitamin D and vitamin E were designed to be low in each diet, their amounts fulfilled the nutritional requirements. Three subgroups in each category were fed Cd at dietary concentrations of 0, 20 or 40 ppm. After 12, 18 or 24 months on these diets the mice were sacrificed. 1) In the groups fed the commercial diet containing Cd, prominent swelling of the glomerulus and thickening of the basement membrane of glomerulus were observed. This did not occur in the groups fed the commercial diet without Cd. 2) In the groups fed the Cd-added low-Ca diet the following findings were more prominent compared with the low-Ca diet group. In the kidneys, swelling of the glomerulus, hyaline casts in tubular lumina and cellular infiltration of the interstitial tissue were present. In the liver, cellular infiltration on the interstitial tissue were present. In the liver, cellular infiltration of the interstitial tissue occurred. In the hind leg bones, thinning of trabeculae and ossification of the Achilles's tendon were seen. 3) In the Cd-added low-Ca, D diet groups, there was atrophy of glomerulus, thickening of basement membrane of glomerulus, and atrophy of tubular epithelial cells in the kidneys, while in the liver, binuclate cells, anisonucleosis and enlargement of Kupffer cells were seen. In the hind leg bones, thinning of the cortex and trabeculae were present. All of these findings were more prominent in this group than in the low-Ca, group. 4) In the Cd-added low-Ca, D, E, diet groups subjects the following findings were more prominent than in the low-Ca, D, E, diet group. In the kidneys, there was swelling of glomerulus and in the liver, there were binuclate cells, anisonucleosis, and cellular infiltration into interstitial tissue. In the hind leg bones, thinning of the cortex and trabeculae, a decrease of cartilage cells and a decrease of osteocytes were seen. These histological and roentgenological changes were seen to increase in a dose-dependent manner with the amount of dietary Cd.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The effects of long-term intake of restricted calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin E and cadmium-added diets on various organs and bones of mice: a histological and the roentgenological study]. 763 34

The Madagascar Periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (a valued medicinal plant) was exposed to different concentrations ofheavymetals like, CdCl, and PbCl, with a view to observe their bioaccumulation efficiency. Germination was inhibited by both the heavy metals in the seeds previously imbibed in GA, and KNO, for 24 hr. EC50 (the effective concentration which inhibits root length by 50%) was recorded as 180 microM for CdCl2, and 50 microM for PbCl2. Both alpha-amylase and protease activity were reduced substantially on treatment of seeds with increasing concentrations of CdCl2, and PbCl2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) a product of lipoxigenase (LOX) activity also increased due to the treatment of both CdCl, and PbCl2. When two-months-old plants grown in normal soil were transferred to soils containing increasing amounts of these two heavy metals, senescence of lower leaves and extensive chlorosis were noticed after four days of transfer However, plants gradually acclimatized and after 20 days the chlorophyll content was almost comparable to normal. Plants receiving CdCl2 treatment (250 microg g(-1) and less) became acclimatized after two weeks and started normal growth. But PbCl2 of 432 microg g(-1) and less could not affect the plant growth throughout, after a preliminary shock was erased. In case of CdCl2 treatment, a stunted growth with reduced leaf area, reduced biomass and sterility were recorded after six months, while plants show normal growth and flowering in case of PbCl2 treatment. Total alkaloid was also found to be decreased in the roots of CdCl2 treated plants. No change was observed in case of PbCl2. GA3 treatments to the CdCl2 treated plants show internode elongation and increase in leaf area with relatively elongated leaves and thinning of stem diameter AAS analyses of leaves of treated plants exhibited 5-10% accumulation of cadmium, but there was no accumulation of lead at all.
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PMID:Impact of cadmium and lead on Catharanthus roseus--a phytoremediation study. 1838 91