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Query: UMLS:C0851184 (thinning)
 11,252 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We measured the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in 48 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with proteinuria and/or hematuria and studied its relationship to clinical features of RA. Ten cases with minor glomerular abnormalities, renal cancer, donor of renal transplantation, were studied as controls. Secondary glomerular diseases and hereditary thin basement membrane disease (TBMD) were excluded. Mean GBM thickness was 289 +/- 74 nm (mean +/- SD) in RA patients, which was significantly thinner than that of control group (342 +/- 38 nm) (p < 0.01). Mean GBM thickness were 276 +/- 72 nm and 336 +/- 68 nm in RA patients with and without gold sodium thiomalate (GST) treatment, respectively (p < 0.05). Mean GBM thickness of RA patients without GST and controls were not different statistically, but RA patients with GST had significantly thinner GBM, compared with controls (p < 0.01). The mean thickness of GBM were also 274 +/- 69 nm and 344 +/- 72 nm in RA patients with and without hematuria, respectively (p < 0.01). According to these results, we suspect that the thinning of GBM in RA patients may be related to GST treatment.
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PMID:An ultrastructural study of glomerular basement membrane in rheumatoid arthritis patients with urinary abnormalities. 755 19

Eggshell thinning in ducks was induced by administration of p,p'-DDE in the diet (40 mg/kg food) for 45 days. This treatment resulted in a 19% reduction of the Eggshell Index (EI). Shells from calcifying eggs obtained at the time of slaughter showed a 36% reduction of EI. Prostaglandin synthesis by a homogenate of eggshell gland mucosa from p,p'-DDE-treated ducks was reduced by 24%. HCO3(-)-stimulated ATPase activity by a homogenate of eggshell gland mucosa from p,p'-DDE-treated ducks was not significantly changed. The calcium content of eggshell gland mucosa was increased to 127% in p,p'-DDE-treated ducks. p,p'-DDE-treated ducks showed profound changes in the shell gland luminal content of several ions. Calcium (-43%), sodium (-15%), potassium (-15%), bicarbonate (-33%) and chloride (-29%) were all significantly reduced in p,p'-DDE-treated ducks. The content of phosphate was unchanged. These findings are discussed in relation to a proposed mechanism for p,p'-DDE-induced eggshell thinning that involves inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in eggshell gland mucosa.
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PMID:Changes in the levels of different ions in the eggshell gland lumen following p,p'-DDE-induced eggshell thinning in ducks. 788 10

This investigation used a previously described bench-top device (Gaver et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 69: 74-85, 1990) to examine the role of nonnewtonian and viscoelastic fluids on events at reopening of a closed flexible tube. Aqueous sodium alginate solutions with and without calcium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate in desired concentrations provided fluids with a wide range of surface tensions, storage and loss moduli, and nonnewtonian steady shear viscosity. Dimensionless analysis, using the shear rate-dependent viscosities, was applied to reduce reopening pressure-meniscus velocity data to a master curve. With regard to fluid properties, we found that 1) fluid elasticity strongly changes the pressure-velocity relationship, causing flow instability at higher meniscus velocities; 2) decreasing surface tension gives rise to a smaller yield pressure for reopening; and 3) whereas larger tubes are easier to open, smaller tubes produce additional shear thinning of the lining fluid. These results suggest that, for both the upper (large) and lower (small) airways, nonnewtonian and viscoelastic properties of the mucosal fluid modify the time of closure and rate of reopening.
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PMID:Role of viscoelasticity in tube model of airway reopening. I. Nonnewtonian sols. 792 74

A collagen network, composed largely of type I and III fibrillar collagens, is found in the extracellular space of the myocardium. This network has multiple functions which includes a preservation of tissue architecture and chamber geometry. Given its tensile strength, collagen is a major determinant of tissue stiffness. Its disproportionate accumulation, in the form of either a reactive or a reparative fibrosis, further increases stiffness. A degradation of collagen tethers, on the other hand, is an anatomic requisite for a distortion in tissue architecture and a reduction in stiffness that can lead to chamber dilatation, wall thinning, and even rupture of the myocardium. Collagen turnover in the myocardium is dynamic. When synthesis exceeds degradation, an adverse accumulation of collagen appears to distort tissue structure. This is true for either the hypertrophied and/or nonhypertrophied ventricle. Factors that contribute to the appearance of myocardial fibrosis are largely different from those that promote cardiac myocyte growth. Included amongst these fibrogenic factors are effector hormones of the reinin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Studies conducted both in intact animals (relative to dietary sodium intake) and in cultured adult cardiac fibroblasts have pointed toward the association between collagen accumulation and chronic elevations in circulating angiotensin II and aldosterone. A tissue hormonal system involving angiotensin II, endothelins and bradykinin, may likewise regulate fibrogenesis. In this regard, angiotensin converting enzyme is found in connective tissue of the normal heart, including the matrix of heart valves and the adventitia of the intramural coronary arteries, and fibrous tissue that forms following infarction or with chronic RAAS activation. The importance of ACE in the regulation of local angiotensin II and bradykinin levels and their contribution to collagen turnover is a fruitful area of research with important clinical implications. The myocardium also contains a proteolytic system, including collagenase. The characteristics and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in various cardiovascular disease states requires further investigation.
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PMID:Collagen network of the myocardium: function, structural remodeling and regulatory mechanisms. 802 11

Rheograms of Alcaligenes eutrophus (NCIMB 40529) and Escherichia coli (C90 NCIMB 10616) cells lysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate were compared before and after a variety of heat shock regimes. It was found that unheated cells produced a very characteristic shear thickening rheogram which could be destroyed by DNase treatment. Cells which had been subjected to heat shock produced rheograms very similar to DNase digested material. We thus suggest that the rheogram is largely due to the presence of intact DNA molecules. The extent and nature of the heat shock affected the shape of the rheogram of the SDS lysed material. Heat shock of cells after SDS lysis did not appear to significantly damage the DNA. Storage of the cells at 10 degrees C before heat shock considerably reduced the shear thinning effect of subsequent heat shock at 90 degrees C. We attribute the shear thinning effect of the heat shock to the action of nucleases which are activated and then depolymerise the DNA molecules.
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PMID:Effects of heat shock on gram negative bacteria: use of lysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate as a probe for the integrity of DNA. 881 67

Oral administration of an ammonia solution (0.01%) or a sodium taurocholate solution (TCA solution, 5 mM) as drinking water for 4 weeks or 13 weeks, respectively, resulted in gastric mucosal thinning and decreased parietal cell numbers. Oral administration of TCA solution also caused cell infiltration in the lamina propria of the mucosa and mucosal fibrosis. When lafutidine (3, 10 mg/kg) was administered orally once daily for one week after the withdrawal of ammonia or TCA solution, the recovery of the mucosal thickness in the fundic gland area and the parietal cell number were significantly accelerated, and the recovery of mucosal thickness in the pyloric gland area also tended to be accelerated. Lafutidine at 10 mg/kg for 1 week had no influence on normal mucosal thickness and parietal cell numbers. At the doses that produce equal or greater acid antisecretory effect than lafutidine, oral administration of cimetidine (30 mg/kg) and famotidine (1 mg/kg) had no effect on either of these atrophy indexes. These results demonstrate that lafutidine, unlike cimetidine and famotidine, can accelerate the healing of mucosal injuries in ammonia- and TCA-induced chronic gastritis models.
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PMID:[Effect of a novel antiulcer drug, lafutidine, on experimental chronic gastritis in rats]. 906 97

We report on shear rheological measurements at 30&deg;C of fine oil-in-water emulsions (volume-surface average diameter < 0.5 &mgr;m) prepared at pH 6.8 with sodium caseinate as the sole emulsifier (1-6 wt%) and n -tetradecane as the dispersed phase (10, 35, or 45 vol%). Strong sensitivity of rheological behavior to total protein concentration was indicated by both steady-state viscometry and small-deformation oscillatory experiments. The behavior can be classified into three types, depending on the protein/oil ratio. (1) Emulsions containing insufficient protein for (near-) saturation protein surface coverage develop a time-dependent increase in low-stress apparent viscosity and associated shear-thinning behavior; this can be attributed to bridging flocculation. (2) Emulsions having full protein surface coverage but relatively little excess unadsorbed protein in the continuous phase are stable Newtonian liquids. (3) Emulsions containing a substantial excess of unadsorbed sodium caseinate exhibit considerable pseudoplasticity which can be attributed to depletion flocculation. Taken as a whole, the time-dependent rheological properties for this set of emulsions as a function of protein content and oil volume fraction are largely consistent with our previous results on the creaming stability and the particle gel microstructure for these same emulsion systems. In particular, the reversible flocculation of emulsion samples of high protein content is readily explicable in terms of depletion flocculation of droplets by unadsorbed protein existing in the form of approximately spherical caseinate submicelles.
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PMID:Rheology of Sodium Caseinate Stabilized Oil-in-Water Emulsions 924 Dec 17

The effects of various additives on the microstructure evolution in hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide micellar solution and its rheological properties are investigated. The additives considered in the present study are primary, secondary, and tertiary heptanols and sodium salicylate (NaSal). The microstructure is developed via the two-step shape transitions in the micellar solution; first, the initial spherical micelles undergo shape transition to rod-like or disc-like micelles as the micelles tend to be packed compactly with increase in the surfactant concentration; then further increment in the surfactant concentration makes the anisotropic rod-like micelles overlap each other. Solutions in these states exhibit typical non-Newtonian behaviors such as shear thinning at high shear rates. In the present study, the additive effects on the microstructure evolution are investigated by employing various techniques including a phase modulated flow birefringence, a dynamic light scattering and a dynamic oscillatory rheometry. The results show that addition of the solubilized additives enhances the microstructure transitions, which are affected by the additive concentration and its chemical structure. Presence of the cosurfactants such as heptanols with hydrophobic alkyl chains reduces the repulsion by forming surfactant-alcohol mixed micelles. The primary heptanol can penetrate easily into the micelles and aligned parallel to the surfactant molecules compared with the secondary and tertiary heptanols. Thus, the primary heptanol enhances the two-step shape evolutions more effectively than the other types. In the presence of NaSal, on the other hand, the micellar solution exhibits the viscoelastic properties and the yield stress owing to the formation of networked or worm-like micelles. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Copyright 1997Academic Press
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PMID:Additive Effects on the Microstructure Evolution in Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide Solution and Its Rheological Properties 936 90

1. The focus of this review is the effects and mechanism of action of p,p'-DDE on eggshell formation in birds. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the eggshell gland mucosa is a probable mechanism for p,p'-DDE-induced eggshell thinning. 2. The duck is sensitive to p,p'-DDE-induced eggshell thinning but the domestic fowl is not, and studies comparing the two species in regard to the calcium and prostaglandin metabolism of the eggshell gland have shown that eggshell thinning induced by p,p'-DDE in ducks is accompanied by reduced activity of prostaglandin synthetase, reduced levels of prostaglandin E2, and reduced uptake of 45Ca by the eggshell gland mucosa. The content of calcium, bicarbonate, chloride, sodium, and potassium are also reduced in the eggshell gland lumen in ducks exhibiting eggshell thinning. None of these effects are seen in the domestic fowl. 3. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis is a specific effect of p,p'-DDE. The detrimental effects of p,p'-DDE on the eggshell gland seem to be unique when comparing the compound with structurally related substances, i.e., similar treatment regimens with o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDD do not cause eggshell thinning in ducks. Neither do they inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in the eggshell gland mucosa. 4. Administration of other compounds that do inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, e.g., indomethacin, does cause the same effects as those seen with p,p'-DDE, i.e., eggshell thinning and the described effects on the calcium and prostaglandin metabolism of the eggshell gland.
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PMID:DDE-induced eggshell thinning in birds: effects of p,p'-DDE on the calcium and prostaglandin metabolism of the eggshell gland. 949 Jan 82

Regulation of fluid flow through corneal stroma was investigated in the bullfrog. Corneal specimens were mounted by clamping their limbal sclera between the two chambers of a Ussing-type chamber. The epithelial surface was covered with Ringer's solution, while the endothelial surface was superfused with Ringer's solution at various pressures ranging from 0-60 mm Hg. At 0 mm Hg, the cornea swelled, while at 10 mm Hg the corneal thickness remained unchanged. Further elevation of the hydrostatic pressure of the endothelial superfusion solution caused a decrease in corneal thickness, suggesting that the hydrostatic pressure in the in vivo frog corneal stroma is about 10 mm Hg. At 10 mm Hg of endothelial superfusion pressure, piercing the epithelial cell layer with a 30-gauge needle caused only slight corneal swelling. Removing glucose from the epithelial perfusion solution induced a slowly progressing increase in corneal thickness. Iodoacetate did not interfere with the swelling of the pierced cornea after the removal of glucose from the epithelial perfusion solution. To examine the possibility that the interstitial fluid flows across the stroma-scleral boundary, corneal specimens having unclamped sclera were incubated in Ringer's solution containing 3 mmol/L dextran of various molecular weights ranging from 8800-162,000, and the volume of the preparation was monitored by sequential measurement of the weight. In the presence of dextran with a molecular weight higher than 70,000, the corneal volume decreased at the beginning of incubation, and after reaching the minimal volume it slowly increased, indicating that the stroma-scleral boundary is permeable to dextran of even a molecular weight of 162,000, although dextran molecules diffuse much more slowly than water, and the concentration of unfilterable solutes in the stroma is lower than 3 mmol/L. In experiments using the Ussing-type chamber at 10 mm Hg of endothelial superfusion pressure, a decrease of NaCl in the superfusing solution to 1/2 caused rapid corneal swelling followed by slow recovery. Adding NaCl to the 1/2 NaCl Ringer's solution caused a further corneal thinning in a concentration-dependent manner. The same extent of decrease in corneal thickness as induced by adding NaCl was achieved by the same concentration of glucose as of NaCl, implying that the value of the reflection coefficient of the endothelial cell layer to either Na+ or Cl- is about half that of glucose. Our results show that even a small difference in the concentration of low molecular weight solutes (e.g., Na+ and Cl-) exerts a force that draws water from the cornea.
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PMID:Regulation of fluid flow through corneal stroma in the bullfrog. 950 60


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