Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0851184 (thinning)
 11,252 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied 200 postmortem ureters from 100 adult men to test the hypotheses that ureteral pseudodiverticula (UPD) are more prevalent than clinically recognized, that UPD are secondary to chronic inflammations, and that they are associated with uroepithelial neoplasm. The ureters were inflated with 10% formaldehyde and fixed for 24 hours. One hundred sixteen ureters were drained and refilled with 25% diatrizoate sodium meglumine and radiographed before gross and microscopic pathologic examination. No radiographs of the remaining 84 ureters were obtained. UPD were identified pathologically in 11%. None of these patients had a history of upper urinary tract disease. UPD were smaller than those reported clinically and invariably were associated with focal microscopic ureteritis cystica and glandularis in ureters otherwise free of histologic abnormality. UPD displayed mild benign mucosal hyperplasia with invagination in the subepithelial connective tissue as well as impression and sometimes thinning of the muscularis propria but without penetration. No mucosal atypia or malignancy was seen. We postulate that UPD represent a proliferative response to focal inflammation resulting in intramural invasion producing elevation and thinning of the ureteral wall. Continued focal inflammation may be sustained by local urine stasis. Enlargement to clinically detectable size may be enhanced by more generalized disease such as clinical infection, stone, or obstruction.
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PMID:The pathology of ureteral pseudodiverticulosis. 313 3

Chronic, rapid ventricular pacing produces congestive heart failure in the dog. Using echocardiography, the features of developing heart failure were analysed and the capacity of this model for recovery was assessed once pacing had been discontinued. Fifteen dogs were studied; nine were paced at 250 beats/min (bpm) to severe heart failure (5.0 +/- 1.8 weeks) and six served as sham controls. In the paced animals at severe heart failure, two-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated a significant increase in diastolic cross-sectional cardiac area (from 11 +/- 3 to 16 +/- 2 cm2, p less than 0.05), associated with a marked fall n area ejection fraction (54 +/- 8 to 21 +/- 8%, p less than 0.05), and significant left ventricular wall thinning (from 6.0 +/- 0.7 to 4.7 +/- 0.9 mm, p less than 0.05). In addition, significant increases in heart rate (77 +/- 7 to 126 +/- 13 bpm, sinus rhythm; p less than 0.05), respiratory rate (41 +/- 13 to 80 +/- 20 cycles/min, p less than 0.05), and body weight (21 +/- 1 to 24 +/- 3 kg, p less than 0.05) were noted. Serum sodium fell (146 +/- 3 to 140 +/- 8 mmol/L, p less than 0.05), while blood urea nitrogen (6 +/- 2 to 10 +/- 2 mmol/L, p less than 0.05) and creatinine (86 +/- 12 to 101 +/- 15 mmol/d, p less than 0.05) increased. Recovery was characterized by rapid improvement such that all measured parameters normalized by 1 week, except for cross-sectional cardiac area which remained dilated up to 4 weeks (14 +/- 3 cm2, p less than 0.05 versus control).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Recovery from heart failure: structural and functional analysis in a canine model. 322 85

Although the redox cycling of paraquat (PQ) and the resultant "activated oxygen" generation are important in toxicity development, the intracellular events leading to cell injury remain unclear. To understand the mechanism of PQ-induced cell injury, we have studied the effects of PQ on DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, the cytoskeletal organization, particularly microtubules (MT) and microfilaments (MF), and the synthesis and composition of cytoskeletal proteins in mouse 3T3 cells. PQ treatment produced a dose-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell growth. Exposure of cells to PQ (313 microM, 20 hr) resulted in MT aggregation and bundling as well as MF redistribution in the perinuclear area as revealed by fluorescence microscopy. Although this PQ dose inhibited DNA synthesis by 95%, it caused only a 22% decrease in protein synthesis of the cytoskeletal fraction. Higher doses of PQ (1250 microM, 20 hr) caused (a) dramatic thinning out and loss of MT and (b) marked loss of MF cables and the appearance of numerous pine needle-like structures much finer and shorter than normal MF. Under these conditions, the synthesis of cytoskeletal proteins was decreased by about 83%. Further analysis of the cytoskeletal fraction from PQ-treated cells by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis showed (a) that tubulin was greatly diminished, in agreement with microscopic observations; (b) that two new protein bands appeared; and (c) another protein band which was also reduced considerably. These results indicate that the PQ-induced dose-dependent cytoskeletal injury may be important to the mechanism of cytotoxicity of this herbicide.
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PMID:Paraquat-induced cytoskeletal injury in cultured cells. 367 19

Fifteen percutaneous renal biopsies from patients with acute renal failure due to acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), in almost all cases due to drugs, were studied by electron microscopy. Differential counting of interstitial cells showed an average of 69% lymphocytes (small and large) and 11% macrophages. Plasma cells and eosinophils were comparatively rare. The infiltrate resembled that of acute rejection, suggesting a cellular hypersensitivity reaction. Proximal and distal tubules were severely affected focally. Migration of lymphocytes through the tubular basement membrane of otherwise well-preserved tubules was considered to be the first phase. Other tubules showed extreme thinning of the tubular basement membrane, with still intact cellular walls. Rupture of the tubular basement membrane and necrotic disintegration of tubular epithelial cells are probably late phenomena. The non-necrotic tubules displayed severe reduction of proximal brush border and proximal as well as distal tubular basolateral infoldings. Focal tubular disintegration leading to tubular block and/or backleak as well as decrease of proximal tubular sodium resorption leading to a decreased glomerular filtration (a mechanism probably also acting in ischemic acute renal failure) may all be factors responsible for the acute renal failure in AIN.
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PMID:Ultrastructure of the kidney in acute interstitial nephritis. 396 19

Renal physiological and morphological adjustments to a reduced protein diet were studied in young Munich-Wistar rats. Two groups of animals were used for the correlative physiological-morphological studies: normal protein (NP, 24% dietary protein) rats and reduced protein (LP, 8% dietary protein) rats. Both groups were fed their respective diets for 4-5 wk and had free access to drinking water. Physiological measurements of GFR and urea clearance were made on five animals from each group. These data showed that the changes in renal function specifically and almost exclusively affected the handling of urea. There was no difference in GFR between the NP and LP rats. Urea clearance was substantially reduced in LP rats. Morphological analyses were made on perfusion-fixed kidneys of five animals from each group. Selected slices were examined and photographed by light and electron microscopy. These data showed no difference in size and number of elements within the vascular bundles but showed significantly smaller lumina of the thin limbs of the short-looped nephrons and a significant thinning of the wall of the thin descending limbs of the long-looped nephrons. These morphological changes may in part be responsible for the observed physiological adjustments to a reduced protein diet. An additional group of rats (6 NP and 5 LP, all dehydrated) were analyzed for distribution of solutes within the inner medulla. The data showed that the concentration of urea, but not that of Na+, was reduced at the papillary tip in LP rats.
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PMID:Physiological and morphological responses of the rat kidney to reduced dietary protein. 397 Jan 63

The chronic toxicity of a new topical glucocorticoid, difluprednate (DFBA) was studied in Beagle dogs. DFBA ointment (0.05%) was percutaneously treated to the back of dogs at daily doses of 125, 12.5 and 1.25 micrograms/kg for 6 months. The local effects of DFBA In the treated area, thinning of the skin and inhibition of the fur-growth were observed with scale and erythema. The skin showed histological atrophy of the epidermis, a decrease of the adipose tissue and atrophy of the adnexa. These changes returned to normal after the 2-month withdrawal period. The systemic effects of DFBA In the 125 micrograms/kg group, the following changes were observed, although neither death nor severe symptoms occurred: General observations were seen an increase of water intake and urinary volume. A decrease of lymphocytes and eosinophils, and an increase of neutrophils were observed in the hematological examination. There were high sodium and low potassium levels, and an increase of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities in the biochemical examination. The organ weights showed a decrease of the thymus, adrenals, prostate and ovaries, and an increase of the liver and kidney. An atrophy of the lymphatic tissues and adrenal cortex, retardation of the sexual maturation, glycogen deposit in the hepatic cells, slight degeneration of the renal tubuli, and slight thinning of the sternum and non-treated skin were noted in the pathological examination. These changes returned to normal after the 2-month withdrawal period. In the 12.5 micrograms/kg group, the atrophic changes in the thymus, adrenal and non-treated skin appeared slight. In the 1.25 micrograms/kg group, no changes were found. Conclusively, all the local and systemic changes observed by DFBA in this study were due to the already known pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids. It is considered that a 12.5 micrograms/kg dosage is similar to a non-effect dose.
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PMID:[Chronic toxicity study on difluprednate in dogs]. 403 1

Thinning of the egg shell is produced by p-p'-DDT and DDE in several species of birds. A study was made of the effect of DDE administered in vitro and in vivo on the Ca2+ binding and Ca2+-Mg2+-activated ATPase of a homogenate of the egg shell gland of ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var.). The concentration of Ca2+ was 1 X 10(-4) M and that of MgATP 1 X 10(-3) M. In vitro, DDE in concentrations of 2-16 micrograms/ml of incubation medium inhibited the Ca2+-Mg2+-activated ATPase in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas Mg2+-activated ATPase was not affected by these concentrations. The Ca2+ binding by the homogenate was reduced by DDE in the same concentrations. The sodium azide sensitive Ca2+ binding was most sensitive. In vivo, DDE administered in a concentration of 40 mg/kg dry weight of the food for 45 days reduced the egg shell index by 18% in comparison to controls. After 45 days of treatment the DDE concentrations in the egg shell gland mucosa was 1.20 +/- 0.16 micrograms/g of wet weight, while no DDE was detected in the controls. The Ca2+-Mg2+-activated ATPase was reduced by 32%, whereas the Mg2+-ATPase was not changed. The Ca2+ binding by the homogenate was reduced by 29%, the sodium azide sensitive part being most vulnerable, DDE increased the total Ca content of the egg shell gland mucosa by 44%. Since Ca is transported against a concentration gradient between blood plasma, and the lumen of the shell gland, it is suggested that DDE, by inhibiting the Ca2+-Mg2+-activated ATPase, decreased the Ca translocation over the egg shell gland mucosa.
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PMID:Effect of p-p'-DDE administered in vivo and in vitro on Ca2+ binding and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity in egg shell gland mucose of ducks. 612 33

Adenosine has been reported by several investigators to stimulate corneal deturgescence, but the actual biochemical mechanism of this effect remains unknown. Effects observed include increased magnitude and rate of corneal thinning, increased endothelial fluid transport rate, support of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, stimulation of magnesium activated ATPase (Mg++ATPase) and sodium-potassium activated ATPase (Na+K+ ATPase) activities in endothelium whole cell preparations, but a lack of stimulation of Mg++ATPase and Na+K+ATPase activities in endothelial plasma membrane preparations. This study examined the possibility that adenosine alters the corneal endothelial levels of two biochemical effectors: adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Bovine corneal endothelium was studied as fresh tissue and after growth in tissue culture. The samples were processed both at room temperature and in liquid nitrogen. Incubation of fresh and cultured endothelia in media containing adenosine was found to have no effect on the cAMP and cGMP levels regardless of the processing method. The data suggest that cyclic nucleotides do not mediate adenosine-stimulated corneal deturgescence.
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PMID:Null effect of adenosine on cyclic nucleotides of the corneal endothelium: possible implications for adenosine-stimulated corneal deturgescence. 632 99

Current concepts concerning the deposition, distribution and radiological demonstration of lead in the skeleton were investigated in five series of rats; some of these were young and others more than a year old. 10 mg of lead acetate/kg body weight were administered over a period of five to 41 days, giving a minimum of 8.4 mg and maximum of 40.4 mg of lead. A comparable control group was given similar amounts of sodium acetate. The distribution and concentration of lead in the femur was determined by the use of 210Pb. Contact autoradiographs showed band-shaped lead accumulation in the endosteal and periosteal growth regions. The degree of darkening depended on the amount of lead administered and permitted a rather coarse quantitative relationship to be drawn. Measurements of radioactivity produced similar distribution patterns. The relationship of lead concentration of epi- and metaphysis to the diaphysis averaged 2:1. The factor mainly responsible for lead deposition depended on the metabolic potential of the tissue, which itself depends largely on the growth regions. Radiologically, there was definite evidence of demineralization in the areas of lead deposition; this could be confirmed histologically by lack of trabeculae, thinning of the cortex and destruction of bone matrix. Despite its much greater absorption co-efficient, the tiny quantities of lead, compared with the bone mass (even in the highest concentrations in our experiments) cannot be detected radiologically. Biophysical calculations have been made which indicate that similar conditions occur in man. Radiological examination of the skeleton, which is used as a screening method for chronic lead poisoning, is not suitable for this purpose.
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PMID:[Lead deposits in bone--the roentgen picture as a demonstration method?]. 640 66

The effect of dietary thiamin deficiency has been studied on intestinal functions and chemical composition of brush border membranes in rats. Intestinal uptake of glucose, glycine, alanine, and leucine was significantly stimulated in thiamin deficiency compared to pair-fed control group. Studies with glucose and glycine revealed that stimulation of the absorption process occurs only in the presence of Na+ but not in its absence. Km measured in the presence of 140 mM Na+ for glucose and glycine uptakes was reduced by 56 and 41%, respectively, but Vmax remained unaltered in vitamin deficiency. There was no change in these parameters in Na+-free medium (Km = 31.3 and 23.3 mM; Vmax = 17.2 to 19.7 and 13.5 to 16.4 mumol/10 min/g wet tissue, respectively) under these conditions. The activities of brush border sucrase, lactase, maltase, alkaline phosphatase, and leucine aminopeptidase were reduced by 42 to 66% in thiamin deficiency, compared to pair-fed controls. Kinetic studies with sucrase and alkaline phosphatase evinced that a decrease in Vmax (61 and 64%, respectively) with no change in Km (33.8 and 4.3 mM, respectively) was responsible for observed impairment in the enzyme activities in thiamin deficiency. Microvillus membrane proteins expressed on dry membrane basis were reduced by 20% in thiamin-deficient intestine. There was no difference in membrane sialic acid, cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides fractions under these conditions. It is suggested that thinning of the microvillus membrane may be implicated in observed aberrations of intestinal functions in thiamin-deprived animals.
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PMID:Effect of dietary thiamin deficiency on intestinal functions in rats. 646 54


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