Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0851184 (thinning)
 11,252 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three hundred and forty-seven tissue specimens were studied from 23 patients with male pattern alopecia. Characteristic features of pattern alopecia included: the presence of miniature or vellus follicles; a marked enlargement of the sebaceous glands and arrectores pilorum muscles; the presence of connective tissue streamers beneath the vellus follicles; and the thinning of the dermis. A mild perivascular infiltrate of mononuclear cells and mild capillary dilatation was sometimes seen. An increased number of mast cells was often a prominent feature. Histochemical procedures were performed for glycogen, acid mucosaccharides, inorganic substances, and enzymes including alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, beta glucuronidase, cholinesterase, aminopeptidase, oxidases and dehydrogenases. Histochemical studies did not reveal any significantly abnormal enzyme changes other than the altered vascular and nerve supply to the the miniature follicles.
 ...
PMID:Male pattern alopecia a histopathologic and histochemical study. 77 55

Two case reports from a high fluoride (10 ppm) rural community. They presented with severe degrees of dental fluorosis, hyper-sensitivity of teeth and skeletal fluorosis all arising from the ingestion of high amount of fluoride in water over a long period of time. Both cases had deformities of the upper and lower limbs. However, the deformities were more pronounced in the lower limbs than in the upper limbs, resulting in knock knee. Radiological finding showed osteosclerosis of the axial bones while the appendicular bones exhibited osteoporosis. There was marked change of bone structure observed as osteomalacia, and course trabecular bone pattern. Osteoporosis was also associated with cortical thinning. Periosteal bone apposition was observed in the bones: and genu valgum of the limbs. Biochemical tests revealed normal values for serum calcium and inorganic phosphate. However, the serum alkaline phosphatase was elevated. This may be an indication of a pathological condition where there are possible compensatory mechanisms to maintain normal levels of serum calcium and inorganic phosphate. One case which had undergone corrective surgical intervention of the lower limbs four years earlier, had continued to live in the same environment using drinking water with 10 ppmF after corrective surgery, and showed no improvement.
 ...
PMID:Skeletal and dental fluorosis: two case reports. 191 81

To study the pathophysiology of bone disorder after gastrectomy, 320 patients and 40 Wistar male rats were used. Clinically, patients who had received gastrectomy 1-15 years previously, were examined for skeletal symptoms, serum biochemistry, microdensitometry of second metacarpal bone, and 20 of them were then studied in a calcium infusion test. Using microdensitometry, abnormality of bone metabolism was observed in 38% of the patients. In severe cases, a significant decrease of serum Ca. and increase of alkaline phosphatase were observed (p less than 0.05), 65% complained of joint pain. In the calcium infusion test, severe cases showed a low urinary excretion of Ca, like osteomalacia, and unlike osteoporosis. Experimentally, body weight & amount of food intake decreased and fatty diarrhea was observed in rats after total gastrectomy. Skeletal changes including thinning of the cortex, loss of medullary trabeculation & decrease of bone ash and biochemical changes such as low serum Ca. 25(OH)D3, 24, 25(OH)2D3 and high iPTH levels were observed. Also the bone formation rate was lower than control as detected by tetracycline double labelling method. As low food intake & fatty diarrhea after gastrectomy which result in Ca. & vit. D insufficiency may be the major etiology of bone disorder.
 ...
PMID:[Bone disorder after gastrectomy--clinical & experimental studies]. 226 41

Spontaneous fractures were reported to be rare (less than 1%) in 1664 hospital admissions for hip fracture in the 1950s in Sweden. We report 11 fluoride-treated postmenopausal patients who developed spontaneous fractures of the femoral necks, all subcapital initially. In 7 patients who continued treatment there were later femoral neck or shaft fractures; in 6, these were bilateral (one followed a fall). In all there were 19 spontaneous fractures: 5 were asymptomatic, including 2 with deformity; 12 fractures required surgery. Five were incomplete (stress) fractures. All were treated with supplementary calcium 1 g daily; 10 had vitamin D supplementation. In all patients where the timing was known, the initial and subsequent fractures were preceded by, or associated with increased bone turnover as measured by plasma alkaline phosphatase (pAlP) (i.e., they were all "good responders"). Two had pretreatment hip fractures following falls. We compared these 11 (Group 1) and another identically treated group of 14 patients (Group 2), without spontaneous femoral fractures and not different in mean age, pretreatment vertebral fractures, years since menopause, fluoride dosage, and plasma creatinine. Group 1 had a lower (p less than 0.05) index of cortical bone in the femoral neck, as assessed by the ratio "calcar width/femoral neck minimum width." The 6 biopsied fluorotic patients from Group 1 had a higher (p less than 0.05) bone fluoride content than the 4 biopsied fluorotic patients from Group 2. Furthermore, histological cortical features of thinning, increased porosity, and advanced tunneling resorption characterized Group 1 posttreatment biopsies. There were no significant differences in peak pAlP responses in the two groups. Mild asymptomatic vitamin D excess may have been a contributing factor in three Group 1 patients. Two further treatment groups have been studied more recently by forearm single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) at two sites; a cyclic NaF group (Group 3) and a calcium +/- vitamin D group (Group 4). Neither showed significant changes in forearm cortical bone density on treatment for 2 and 1.5 years, respectively, but Group 3 showed a significant increase in density at an ultradistal (60% trabecular) site. The pAlP response in Group 3 was significantly less than in Group 1. Spontaneous femoral neck or shaft fractures did not occur in either Groups 3 or 4. Therefore, we recommend: (1) Avoidance of sodium fluoride (NaF) treatment if pretreatment femoral fracture or thin femoral neck cortices exist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Spontaneous hip fractures in fluoride-treated patients: potential causative factors. 233 31

The influence of soft contact lenses (SCL) with low (37%, L) and high (65%, H) water content on rabbit corneas was investigated. The lenses were worn continuously for 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 or 28 days. The changes in corneal transparency, hydration and enzyme activities were studied. A slight change in corneal transparency due to higher hydration caused by a decreased activity of Na+-K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase) in the corneal endothelium is followed by a decrease in the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Slight morphological disturbances appear within 4 days in animals wearing SCL (L). SCL (H) produce similar changes one week later. Subsequently, the corneal epithelium becomes thinner and changes in the size of corneal endothelial cells are obvious. Disturbances of enzyme activities in cells of all corneal layers are present. In the epithelium highly increased activities of acid glycosidases, acid phosphatase, and dipeptidyl peptidase I and II, in keratocytes decreased activities of alkaline phosphatase and GGT, and in the endothelium decreased activity of Na+-K+-ATPase and GGT were found. These changes are more severe after SCL (L). In this case, inflammatory cells displaying high activities of lysosomal hydrolases appear in the anterior part of the stroma during the 3rd and 4th weeks and local degradation of glycosaminoglycans and proteins takes place. In contrast, after SCL (H) a remarkable thinning of the corneas was observed during extended wear, accompanied by decreased stainability of stromal glycosaminoglycans and highly decreased enzyme activities in keratocytes. The histochemical methods proved very useful in the assessment of lesions caused by a continuous wear of SCL.
 ...
PMID:Disturbances in the rabbit cornea after short-term and long-term wear of hydrogel contact lenses. Usefulness of histochemical methods. 289 48

Arotinoids, which are analogs of retinoic acid (RA) and retinol (RO) with the carbon skeleton in a rigid conformation, have more favorable therapeutic indices relative to all-trans-RA and all-trans-RO. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain preliminary in vivo toxicity data on SMR-2(analog of RO) and SMR-6 (analog of RA), arotinoids with promising activity (ED50's of 20 X 10(-11) and 5 X 10(-11) M, respectively; ED50 of RA = 1 X 10(-11) M) for reversal of keratinization in tracheal organ culture. A preliminary toxicity study was conducted in male B6D2F1 mice with gavage of retinoids in corn oil (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg/day of SMR-2 or SMR-6; 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day of RA as reference control). Due to lack of toxicity, each dose level for SMR-2 and SMR-6 was increased by 4-fold on Day 29 of dosing. The study was terminated on Day 57. Hypervitaminosis A (weight loss, alopecia, skin scaling, and bone thinning) was induced in the mid- and high-dose SMR groups; weight-gain depression was predominant in the high-dose RA group. The SMR compounds were approximately 100-fold more toxic, based on weight loss, than RA. In the SMR dose groups with hypervitaminosis A, white blood cell counts were elevated 2- to 4-fold; and there were microscopic lesions in skin, testes, epididymis, bone, thymus, bone marrow, peripheral lymph nodes, spleen, stomach, adrenal, and pituitary. The leukocytosis was attributed to leukopoiesis in spleen and bone marrow, which may be due to either a direct effect and/or a secondary response to a subacute inflammatory reaction in skin. Only peripheral lymph node hyperplasia was observed in SMR-2 and RA low-dose groups. Enlarged thymus, lymph node hyperplasia, leukopoiesis in spleen and bone marrow, elevated alkaline phosphatase with bone hypertrophy, and testicular degeneration were observed in the mid-dose RA group. The results indicate that immune stimulation may be a primary early response to retinoids and that skin, leukopoietic tissues, reproductive organs, stomach, and bone are primary targets for retinoid toxicity.
 ...
PMID:Preliminary toxicity profile of arotinoids SMR-2 and SMR-6 in male B6D2F1 mice. 360 38

Intense alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity has been localized in the outer plexiform layer of the developing chick retina. To elucidate the functional significance of this enzymatic activity, we have injected an ALPase inhibitor, levamisole, into embryonic eyes on either the 13th or 15th day of incubation. The retina was fixed between the 15th and 20th day of incubation and examined by electron microscopy. Levamisole injection on the 13th day caused various morphological alterations in retinal development, including the appearance of solitary photoreceptor cells in the subretinal space as well as folding of both the outer plexiform and outer nuclear layers. Pedicles of photoreceptor cells in the outer plexiform layer displayed rather smooth configurations with a reduced number of invaginations by post-synaptic neurites. The outer plexiform layer was thinned and the neuritic extensions in this layer appeared much less developed than in the control (PBS-injected) retina. Photoreceptor outer segments were seldom observed. Besides these alterations, layers of optic fibers and ganglion cells were also affected, as shown by evidence of degeneration in the ganglion cells and thinning of the nerve-fiber layer. Injection of levamisole into day 15 embryonic eyes exerted less influence on retinal development, but some photoreceptor cells were still found in the subretinal space. Some of these observations have been reported in the retinas of aged normal animals or in retinas with hereditary or induced retinal dystrophy. It is suggested that ALPase activity in the outer plexiform layer of the developing chick retina may be important for the onset of normal development of synapses in the outer plexiform layer and differentiation of the photoreceptor cells.
 ...
PMID:Alterations in the differentiation of chick retina caused by an intraocular injection of an alkaline phosphatase inhibitor. 380 58

The chronic toxicity of a new topical glucocorticoid, difluprednate (DFBA) was studied in Beagle dogs. DFBA ointment (0.05%) was percutaneously treated to the back of dogs at daily doses of 125, 12.5 and 1.25 micrograms/kg for 6 months. The local effects of DFBA In the treated area, thinning of the skin and inhibition of the fur-growth were observed with scale and erythema. The skin showed histological atrophy of the epidermis, a decrease of the adipose tissue and atrophy of the adnexa. These changes returned to normal after the 2-month withdrawal period. The systemic effects of DFBA In the 125 micrograms/kg group, the following changes were observed, although neither death nor severe symptoms occurred: General observations were seen an increase of water intake and urinary volume. A decrease of lymphocytes and eosinophils, and an increase of neutrophils were observed in the hematological examination. There were high sodium and low potassium levels, and an increase of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities in the biochemical examination. The organ weights showed a decrease of the thymus, adrenals, prostate and ovaries, and an increase of the liver and kidney. An atrophy of the lymphatic tissues and adrenal cortex, retardation of the sexual maturation, glycogen deposit in the hepatic cells, slight degeneration of the renal tubuli, and slight thinning of the sternum and non-treated skin were noted in the pathological examination. These changes returned to normal after the 2-month withdrawal period. In the 12.5 micrograms/kg group, the atrophic changes in the thymus, adrenal and non-treated skin appeared slight. In the 1.25 micrograms/kg group, no changes were found. Conclusively, all the local and systemic changes observed by DFBA in this study were due to the already known pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids. It is considered that a 12.5 micrograms/kg dosage is similar to a non-effect dose.
 ...
PMID:[Chronic toxicity study on difluprednate in dogs]. 403 1

The effect of dietary thiamin deficiency has been studied on intestinal functions and chemical composition of brush border membranes in rats. Intestinal uptake of glucose, glycine, alanine, and leucine was significantly stimulated in thiamin deficiency compared to pair-fed control group. Studies with glucose and glycine revealed that stimulation of the absorption process occurs only in the presence of Na+ but not in its absence. Km measured in the presence of 140 mM Na+ for glucose and glycine uptakes was reduced by 56 and 41%, respectively, but Vmax remained unaltered in vitamin deficiency. There was no change in these parameters in Na+-free medium (Km = 31.3 and 23.3 mM; Vmax = 17.2 to 19.7 and 13.5 to 16.4 mumol/10 min/g wet tissue, respectively) under these conditions. The activities of brush border sucrase, lactase, maltase, alkaline phosphatase, and leucine aminopeptidase were reduced by 42 to 66% in thiamin deficiency, compared to pair-fed controls. Kinetic studies with sucrase and alkaline phosphatase evinced that a decrease in Vmax (61 and 64%, respectively) with no change in Km (33.8 and 4.3 mM, respectively) was responsible for observed impairment in the enzyme activities in thiamin deficiency. Microvillus membrane proteins expressed on dry membrane basis were reduced by 20% in thiamin-deficient intestine. There was no difference in membrane sialic acid, cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides fractions under these conditions. It is suggested that thinning of the microvillus membrane may be implicated in observed aberrations of intestinal functions in thiamin-deprived animals.
 ...
PMID:Effect of dietary thiamin deficiency on intestinal functions in rats. 646 54

We report a boy with unusual facial appearance, melanotic patches ("coast-of-Maine" type), myelofibrosis, recurrent femoral fractures, and widespread fibrous dysplasia of bone. Biochemical findings included raised serum alkaline phosphatase (bone isozyme) and 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D, and low serum phosphorus levels. Elevated urinary excretion rates of total hydroxyproline, glycylproline, and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid indicated increased turnover of bone matrix. Transiliac bone biopsy showed a dearth of marrow elements, greatly increased bone turnover, and absence of normal trabecular organization. Serial radiographs showed progressive cortical thinning and loss of bony trabeculae. Calcitonin and etidronate treatments had no lasting effect on the progressive bone disease. The term "panostotic fibrous dysplasia" is suggested for this condition.
 ...
PMID:Panostotic fibrous dysplasia: a congenital disorder of bone with unusual facial appearance, bone fragility, hyperphosphatasemia, and hypophosphatemia. 684 3


1 2 3 4 Next >>