Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0851184 (thinning)
 11,252 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to investigate the diabetes-associated neuropathy and prevent effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol, a neurotrophic substance, in trachea, we studied its effect on streptozotocin-diabetic hyper-reactivity in the rat trachea. Diabetes was induced in 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats by administering an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The rats were divided randomly into four groups and were maintained for four weeks: age-matched control rats, diabetic rats without treatment with cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol, and diabetic rats treated with cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol (2 and 8 mg/kg, i.p. every day). The serum glucose and insulin levels were determined, and the contractile responses of the trachea induced by carbachol and KCl were investigated. Treatment with cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol did not alter the rats' diabetic status, i.e., body weight, thickness of the trachea, serum glucose levels, and serum insulin levels, but significantly improved the diabetic-induced hyper-reactivity of the rat trachea in a dose-dependent manner. There was no significant difference in either the carbachol- or KCl-induced contractile forces between groups with or without mucosa in the functional studies. In histological examinations, thinning of cricoid cartilage, thickness of basal membrane, and degeneration, fragmentation of elastic fibers in the submucosal layer, and hypertrophy of smooth muscle bundle in the membranous wall of trachea were observed in the diabetic rat trachea, which were improved by treatment with cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol. Our data indicate that this drug can prevent hyper-reactivity in the diabetic trachea.
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PMID:Effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol on diabetic rat trachea. 1595 71

As foaming appears as a problem in chemical and fermentation processes that inhibits reactor performance, the eminence of a novel fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon unsymmetrical bolaform (FHUB: OH(CH2)11N+(C2H4)2(CH2)2(CF2)5CF3 I-) surfactant as an antifoaming agent as well as a foam-reducing agent was investigated and compared with other surfactants and a commercial antifoaming agent. The surface elasticity of FHUB was determined as 4 mN/m, indicating its high potential on thinning of the foam film. The interactions between FHUB and the microoganism were investigated in a model fermentation process related with an enzyme production by recombinant Escherichia coli, in V = 3.0 dm3 bioreactor systems with V(R) = 1.65 dm3 working volume at air inlet rate of Q(o)/V(R) = 0.5 dm3 dm(-3) min(-1) and agitation rate of N = 500 min(-1) oxygen transfer conditions, at T = 37 degrees C, pH(o) = 7.2, and C(FHUB) = 0 and 0.1 mM, in a glucose-based defined medium. As FHUB did not influence the metabolism, specific enzyme activity values obtained with and without FHUB were close to each other; however, because of the slight decrease in oxygen transfer coefficient, slightly lower volumetric enzyme activity and cell concentrations were obtained. However, when FHUB is compared with widely used silicon oil based Antifoam A, with the use of the FHUB, higher physical oxygen transfer coefficient (K(L)a) values are obtained. Moreover, as the amount required for the foam control is very low, minute changes in the working volume of the bioreactor were obtained indicating the high potential of the use of FHUB as an antifoaming agent as well as a foam-reducing agent.
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PMID:Novel antifoam for fermentation processes: fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon hybrid unsymmetrical bolaform surfactant. 1614 38

Diabetic neuropathy, a major complication of diabetes mellitus, is associated with the development of vascular dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy. We studied the effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol (FA) on streptozotocin-diabetic hyperreactivity in the rat aorta smooth muscle. The rats were divided randomly into four groups and were maintained for 4 weeks: age-matched control rats, diabetic rats without treatment with FA, and diabetic rats treated with FA (2 and 8 mg/kg, i.p. everyday). The serum glucose and insulin levels were determined, and the contractile responses of the aorta induced by a thromboxane A2 agonist, U46619 and KCl were investigated. Treatment with FA did not alter rats' diabetic status, i.e., body weight, thickness of the aorta, serum glucose levels, and serum insulin levels, but significantly improved the diabetic-induced hyperreactivity of the rat aorta in a dose-dependent manner. Removal of endothelium did not change contractile force between groups. In histological examinations, thinning of smooth muscle bundle in the wall of aorta was observed in the diabetic rat, which was not significantly improved by treatment with FA. Our data indicate that FA can prevent hyperreactivity in the diabetic aorta.
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PMID:General administration of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol ameliorates hyperreactivity of STZ-induced diabetic rat aorta. 1631 Aug 9

A novel exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus sake 0-1 (CBS 532.92) has been isolated and characterized. When the strain was grown on glucose, the produced EPS contained glucose and rhamnose in a molar ratio of 3:2 and the average molecular mass distribution (M(infm)) was determined at 6 x 10(sup6) Da. At a concentration of 1%, the 0-1 EPS had better viscosifying properties than xanthan gum when measured over a range of shear rates from 0 to 300 s(sup-1), while shear-thinning properties were comparable. Rheological data and anion-exchange chromatography suggested the presence of a negatively charged group in the EPS. Physiological parameters for optimal production of EPS were determined in batch fermentation experiments. Maximum EPS production was 1.40 g (middot) liter(sup-1), which was obtained when L. sake 0-1 had been grown anaerobically at 20(deg)C and pH 5.8. When cultured at lower temperatures, the EPS production per gram of biomass increased from 600 mg at 20(deg)C to 700 mg at 10(deg)C but the growth rate in the exponential phase decreased from 0.16 to 0.03 g (middot) liter(sup-1) (middot) h(sup-1). EPS production started in the early growth phase and stopped when the culture reached the stationary phase. Growing the 0-1 strain on different energy sources such as glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose did not alter the composition of the EPS produced.
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PMID:Production of a Novel Extracellular Polysaccharide by Lactobacillus sake 0-1 and Characterization of the Polysaccharide. 1653 92

Recurrent foot ulceration is a major cause of morbidity in diabetic patients. Discrepancy between the stiffness of the plantar skin and underlying soft tissues may influence the likelihood of ulceration. Tissue properties change with diabetes primarily due to high blood glucose which promotes intermolecular cross-linking of structural proteins thus leading to altered structure and function of these structural fibers. This study utilizes a non-invasive method for indirectly assessing skin tissue in the context of plantar ulcer formation in diabetic patients' feet. Control (C, n=13), and diabetic subjects with a history of ulceration (n=16) were matched based on gender, age (42-81years old) and BMI. Six subjects re-ulcerated (U) during their 1-year follow-up. At every visit, each subject's plantar skin was excited with a weak laser light (337nm) to induce tissue fluorescence at three locations on each foot. The spectral area under the curve (AUC) was calculated after background subtraction and normalization. The mean AUC was significantly higher for diabetics compared to control subjects, (mean AUC: 145.6+/-7.2, C=112.6+/-8.3, respectively, p=0.006). For those who re-ulcerated (U, n=6), skin site was not a significant factor, but AUC was diminished at the time of re-ulceration (p<0.05). The alteration of intermolecular bonds in diabetic subjects and thinning of skin prior to ulceration could account for these observations. The decrease in AUC prior to an ulcer formation suggests its potential as a marker of tissue changes, which precede ulceration in the diabetic foot.
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PMID:Laser-induced auto-fluorescence (LIAF) as a method for assessing skin stiffness preceding diabetic ulcer formation. 1712 38

A 43-year-old woman presented with complaints of exfoliation of the skin and mottled pigmentation all over the body, intolerance to sunlight for the last 14 years, and swelling on the lower one-third of the neck for 15 years. She was apparently well until the age of 29 years when she noticed redness on her shins which later progressed to involve the upper limbs, chest, and face. Three months later, she observed multiple, small, brownish plaques over the erythematous areas, which gradually spread to the sun-exposed areas, namely the face, forearms, hands, and nape of the neck. The erythema disappeared within 5 months of onset. The patient experienced redness of the face, intolerance to the sun, and reduced sweating, particularly during the summer. There was no history of bullous eruption, difficulty during deglutition, tremors, or pedal edema. She suffered five miscarriages and, ultimately, was successful in delivering a normal boy who is now 16 years of age. She had menarche at the age of 14 years and her menstrual cycle was regular. There was no history of similar illness in the family. On cutaneous examination, the skin on the face, neck, trunk, buttocks, and limbs was found to be dry, lusterless, thin, and covered with fine scales. Mottled hyperpigmentation was observed all over the body. Atrophy and telangiectasia were seen over the neck (Fig. 1), face (Fig. 2), nape of the neck, upper and lower limbs, back, and chest. Mild erythema was observed over the face, nose, ears, and forearms. The hair on the scalp, eyebrows, axillae, and pubic area was sparse and thin. The teeth were loose and discolored due to caries, and a foul odor emanated from the mouth. The nails were lusterless and centrally depressed. The thyroid gland was enlarged, smooth, nontender, and moved with deglutition. No bruit was heard over it. No ocular abnormality was detected. The patient had a haemoglobin level of 7.6 g%, total serum iron binding capacity of 70 micromol/L (normal, 45-66 micromol/L), and serum ferritin level of 10 microg/L (normal, 15-200 microg/L). Peripheral blood smear showed hypochromic microcytic red blood cells. Total and differential leukocyte counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood glucose, serum electrolytes, total and differential serum proteins, liver function tests, blood urea, and microscopic examination of urine and stools were within normal limits. The thyroid profile and complement C3 and C4 levels were within normal limits. Rheumatoid factor, antinuclear factor and LE cells were absent. Abdominal ultrasonogram was normal. Fine needle aspiration cytology from the thyroid gland showed features suggestive of colloid goiter. Skin biopsy revealed thinning of the epidermis, flattening of the rete ridges, and hydropic degeneration of the basal cell layer. The dermis was edematous with dilated capillaries, melanophages, and a band-like mononuclear infiltrate. The sweat glands were reduced in number.
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PMID:Late-onset Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. 1747 79

Gum kondagogu ( Cochlospermum gossypium) is a tree exudate gum that belongs to the family Bixaceae. Compositional analysis of the gum by HPLC and LC-MS revealed uronic acids to be the major component of the polymer ( approximately 26 mol %). Furthermore, analysis of the gum by GC-MS indicated the presence of sugars such as arabinose (2.52 mol %), mannose (8.30 mol %), alpha- d-glucose (2.48 mol %), beta- d-glucose (2.52 mol %), rhamnose (12.85 mol %), galactose (18.95 mol %), d-glucuronic acid (19.26 mol %), beta- d-galactouronic acid (13.22 mol %), and alpha- d-galacturonic acid (11.22 mol %). Gum kondagogu, being rich in rhamnose, galactose, and uronic acids, can be categorized on the basis of its sugar composition as a rhamnogalacturonan type of gum. The rheological measurements performed on the gum suggest that above 0.6% (w/v) it shows a Newtonian behavior and shear rate thinning behavior as a function of gum concentration. The viscoelastic behavior of gum kondagogu solutions (1 and 2%) in aqueous as well as in 100 mM NaCl solution exhibits a typical gel-like system. The G' (viscous modulus)/ G'' (elastic modulus) ratios of native gum kondagogu (1 and 2%) in aqueous solution were found to be 1.89 and 1.85 and those in 100 mM NaCl to be 1.54 and 2.2, respectively, suggesting a weak gel-like property of the polymer. Crossover values of G' and G'' were observed to be at frequencies of 0.432 Hz for 1% and 1.2 Hz for 2% for native gum in aqueous condition, indicating a predominantly liquid- to solid-like behavior, whereas crossover values of 2.1 Hz for 1% and 1.68 Hz for 2% gum in 100 mM NaCl solution suggest a larger elastic contribution.
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PMID:Compositional analysis and rheological properties of gum kondagogu (Cochlospermum gossypium): a tree gum from India. 1831 94

The gelation behavior of the triple-helical polysaccharide lentinan fractions having different molecular weights in water at 25 degrees C were studied by using a rheometer. The analysis of concentration and molecular weight dependence of shear stress and shear viscosity showed that aqueous lentinan is a typical shear-thinning fluid, possessing potential as a viscosity control agent, and that a weak gel with entangled network structure formed. The dynamic oscillatory behavior of lentinan in the temperature range of 1-15 degrees C was also investigated by rheologic method. The storage modulus G' and complex viscosity eta* increased first with decreasing temperature, and underwent a maximum centered at 7-9 degrees C, and then decreased with further decreasing temperature. This abnormal phenomenon was ascribed to formation of rigid structure in the gel state, which was confirmed by the experimental results from micro-DSC. The micro-DSC curves showed that an endothermic peak appeared at 7-9 degrees C for lentinan in water upon heating, which was attributable to the intramolecular order-disorder structure transition similar to triple-helical polysaccharide schizophyllan. Namely, at lower temperature, the side glucose residues of lentinan (triplix II) formed a well-organized triple-helical structure (triplix I) through hydrogen-bonding with the surrounding water molecules. Moreover, this conformation transition was proved to be thermally reversible.
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PMID:Gel formation and low-temperature intramolecular conformation transition of a triple-helical polysaccharide lentinan in water. 1850 9

We examined whether ((1S)-1-((((1S)-1-benzyl-3-cyclopropylamino-2,3-di-oxopropyl)amino)carbonyl)-3-methylbutyl)carbamic acid 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl ester (SNJ-1945), a new orally available calpain inhibitor, might reduce retinal cell death in vivo and/or in vitro. Retinal cell damage was induced in vivo in mice by intravitreal injection of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), and SNJ-1945 was intraperitoneally or orally administered twice. NMDA-induced calpain activity (measured as the cleaved products of alpha-spectrin) and its substrate, p35 (a neuron-specific activator for cyclin-dependent kinase 5), in the retina were examined by immunoblotting. In RGC-5 (a rat retinal ganglion cell line) cell culture, cell damage was induced by a 4-h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment followed by an 18-h reoxygenation period. In mouse retinas, SNJ-1945 (30 or 100 mg/kg i.p., 100 or 200 mg/kg p.o.) significantly inhibited the cell loss in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the thinning of the inner plexiform layer induced by NMDA. Furthermore, the number of positive cells for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling was significantly reduced in the GCL and the inner nuclear layer of retinas treated with SNJ-1945 compared with vehicle-treated retinas 24 h after NMDA injection. Levels of cleaved alpha-spectrin products increased and p35 decreased 6 h after NMDA injection or later, and their effects were attenuated by SNJ-1945. In vitro, SNJ-1945 (10 and 100 muM) inhibited the OGD stress-induced reduction in cell viability. In conclusion, SNJ-1945 may afford valuable neuroprotection against retinal diseases, because it was effective against retinal damage both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also indicate that calpain activation and subsequent p35 degradation may be involved in the mechanisms underlying retinal cell death.
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PMID:A novel calpain inhibitor, ((1S)-1-((((1S)-1-Benzyl-3-cyclopropylamino-2,3-di-oxopropyl)amino)carbonyl)-3-methylbutyl)carbamic acid 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl ester (SNJ-1945), reduces murine retinal cell death in vitro and in vivo. 1991 May 37

A series of cases of rheumatoid arthritis, osteo-arthritis, gout and fibrositis have been investigated by means of the sedimentation rate, Arneth count, saline absorption test, glucose tolerance test, and direct observation of the capillaries, in order to correlate any abnormality of the peripheral circulation with the type and activity of the disease.The sedimentation rate test, in which a wide bore tube was used, was of great value as an estimation of activity in the rheumatoid arthritic cases, but a small group showed a normal reading. In the gouty subjects it was usually low but was liable to vary greatly within a short time. In the osteo-arthritic and fibrositic groups it was normal.The Arneth count did not parallel the sedimentation rate; it was usually normal in the gouty subjects but showed abnormalities in the rheumatoid arthritics and sometimes in the osteo-arthritics (a shift usually to the left, but sometimes to the right).The saline absorption test was valueless except in cases of gross circulatory disturbance.The glucose tolerance test, although producing some abnormal curves, in both the osteo-arthritic and the rheumatoid arthritic groups gave normal curves, taking an average of a large number of cases.Observation of the capillaries-notes being taken of their number, shape, &c., with a drawing eyepiece and photographs-showed a wide variation in normal individuals. This was so remarkable that the only clear-cut findings were a slight increase in tortuosity in the osteo-arthritic group-probably due to the increase in the average age of this group-and an increase in the visibility of the full-length of the capillary loop and of the basal meshwork in the rheumatoid arthritics, probably due to trophic thinning of the epidermis.
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PMID:The Peripheral Circulation in Chronic Rheumatism: (Section of Physical Medicine). 1999 Oct 63


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