Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0851184 (thinning)
 11,252 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This is a descriptive review of the histological changes in the endometrium in the presence of IUDs: inert, copper, progesterone and levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs. All IUDs evoke a foreign body reaction to some degree, and trauma at the sites where the IUD bears on the surface of the endometrium. The foreign body reaction is an inflammatory response characterized by infiltration of leukocytes and macrophages throughout the endometrial tissue, the intrauterine space and on the IUD surface. Copper IUDs stimulate more leukotaxis, principally of PMN leukocytes. At the site of impression of the IUD, endometrial surface layers are eroded down to the basement membrane, more so with larger IUDs. There are defects in vascular epithelium, hemorrhages unchecked by hemostasis, and also direct bleeding from the ulcerated areas in contact with the IUD. Progesterone medicated IUDs elicit a decidual reaction and a thinning of the surface endometrium associated with distinctive dilated, thin-walled vesicles, a response that becomes stable over 6 months, according to the dose of progesterone released. Levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs, in contrast, produce a profound, uniform suppression of cyclic gland and endothelium development within 1 month. Clinically, levonorgestrel IUDs cause less spotting. No dysplastic or malignant changes have been reported under the influence of IUDs, and normal structure and function of the endometrium returns about a month after an IUD is removed.
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PMID:Endometrial morphological changes in IUD users: a review. 311 92

In response to the need of some women for long-acting, effective and safe contraceptives, the scientific community developed non-biodegradable progestational subdermal implants that act by making the cervical mucus viscous, with ovulation inhibition and thinning of the endometrial lining. The contraceptive protection is within 24 hours and the cumulative failure rate is low. Contraceptive implants require little or no motivation following adequate counselling. In current use are multirod implants (Norplant I and Norplant II Jadelle) and single rod implant (Implanon and Uniplant). Although menstrual symptoms associated with progestational regimens are the major compliance and acceptability factors within the first year of use, menstrual disturbance generally improves. Continuation rates for implant use are high among those who have had adequate pre-insertion counselling because the perceived advantages greatly outweigh the nuisance effects. Other side effects of implants are similar to those observed with hormonal pills--headache, weight changes, mood swings and abdominal bloating. Training of physicians and nurses in the art of insertion and removal techniques is a pre-requisite for a successful implant programme. This should also be backed by integration of implants into the national commodity logistics systems to ensure adequate local budgetary provision for contraceptive implant procurement rather than reliance on donor supply.
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PMID:Contraceptive implants. 1610 51