Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0851184 (thinning)
 11,252 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cytostatic effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; an oral luteohormone preparation) on two cell lines of ovarian carcinoma cultured in vitro (SHIN-3 and MN-1) was studied. At the same time, changes in the morphology and colony formation of these cancer cells after exposure to the drug were examined. 1) The doubling time of SHIN-3 cells in the logarithmic growth phase was prolonged 2.5 times at a MPA dose of 10(-8)M and 3.2 times at a MPA dose of 10(-5)M. The drug, however, exerted no significant cytostatic effect on MN-1 cells. 2) When the IC50 of MPA was assessed by counting live SHIN-3 cells in an FCS-added medium, it was 2.7 x 10(-5)M. When the same assessment was done with a medium without serum, IC50 was 6.4 x 10(-6)M. 3) After 120 hours of incubation in a medium containing 10(-8)M of MPA, CA125 (a tumor marker) production by SHIN-3 cells was suppressed by 35%. The suppression rate was 79% for SHIN-3 cells incubated in a medium containing 10(-5) of MPA. 4) The cytoplasm of SHIN-3 cells, incubated in a MPA-added medium, showed the formation of small mucous vacuoles and expansive degeneration, accompanied by a marked increase in size and thinning of the nucleus. 5) In an experiment on colony formation with collagen gel, the colony size decreased MPA concentration dependently, and was accompanied by the appearance of lobulated colonies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Antiproliferative actions of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to human ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro]. 131 10

This is a descriptive review of the histological changes in the endometrium in the presence of IUDs: inert, copper, progesterone and levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs. All IUDs evoke a foreign body reaction to some degree, and trauma at the sites where the IUD bears on the surface of the endometrium. The foreign body reaction is an inflammatory response characterized by infiltration of leukocytes and macrophages throughout the endometrial tissue, the intrauterine space and on the IUD surface. Copper IUDs stimulate more leukotaxis, principally of PMN leukocytes. At the site of impression of the IUD, endometrial surface layers are eroded down to the basement membrane, more so with larger IUDs. There are defects in vascular epithelium, hemorrhages unchecked by hemostasis, and also direct bleeding from the ulcerated areas in contact with the IUD. Progesterone medicated IUDs elicit a decidual reaction and a thinning of the surface endometrium associated with distinctive dilated, thin-walled vesicles, a response that becomes stable over 6 months, according to the dose of progesterone released. Levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs, in contrast, produce a profound, uniform suppression of cyclic gland and endothelium development within 1 month. Clinically, levonorgestrel IUDs cause less spotting. No dysplastic or malignant changes have been reported under the influence of IUDs, and normal structure and function of the endometrium returns about a month after an IUD is removed.
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PMID:Endometrial morphological changes in IUD users: a review. 311 92

The current literature on the transmission of HIV and the use of oral contraceptives (OCs), injectables, IUDs, spermicides, and the female condom was reviewed. Some of the methodological difficulties involved study design (observational studies, cross-sectional, case control, and prospective studies) and confounding factors (age, marital status, sexual partners). The impact of OC use on HIV transmission is likely to be minor, but some factors contributing to transmission include cervical ectropion, which enhances HIV transmission. Nevertheless, in a 1990 Nairobi study of 4404 women no such association was detected. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been risk factors in HIV transmission. OCs that decrease irregular bleeding may protect against HIV. Progestin-only pills could act on the risk of HIV transmission by thickening cervical mucus and thinning the vaginal epithelial layer. 21 epidemiological studies were identified on the use of OCs and transmission. Except for a 1990 Nairobi study among prostitutes none of them reported a significant association between OC use and HIV seropositivity. Injectables (Depo Provera) could theoretically increase HIV transmission, but no such conclusive evidence has surfaced. Increased risk of transmission or seropositivity has been reported with IUD use, but this needs confirmation by prospective studies. Among spermicides the nonoxynol-9 sponge slightly increased HIV seroconversion in 139 sex workers in Nairobi in a 1992 study. However, this trial was contradicted by other prospective studies conducted in Cameroon and Zambia. Nonoxynol-9 kills HIV but also damages the cervical and vaginal mucosa enhancing HIV transmission. In 1992 in vitro activity in 26 out of 131 other spermicides screened inhibited HIV. The female condom was tested in 104 women in a 1993 prospective study in the US and no recurrences of trichomonas occurred in 20 women who used it consistently over a 6-week period. More prospective epidemiological studies are needed, and the risk of HIV infection should be part of counseling on contraceptives.
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PMID:Contraceptive methods and the transmission of HIV: implications for family planning. 820 68

The objective of this study was to determine whether progestin-only contraceptives induce thinning of the vaginal epithelium in nonhuman primates. Eight intact rhesus monkeys (four per group) were treated with either a single intramuscular injection of 30 mg of Depo-Provera or a subcutaneous insertion of Norplant-II (2 x 75 mg rods; day 0). Norplant-II rods were removed 90 days after insertion. Vaginal biopsies were obtained during a pretreatment menstrual cycle and following treatment on days 10, 30, 60, 118, and 146. Formalin-fixed vaginal biopsies were evaluated for epithelial thickness and the degree of keratinization. The circulating levels of estradiol, progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), or levonorgestrel (LNG) were monitored throughout the study by specific radioimmunoassays. Circulating levels of estradiol and progesterone confirmed the stage of the menstrual cycle in which pretreatment biopsies were obtained. Following treatment with Depo-Provera, serum levels of MPA increased to 2.3 +/- 0.6 ng/ml (x +/- SE, n = 4) within 24 hr. Serum levels of MPA were maximal on day 14 (5.5 +/- 0.9 ng/ml), dropped below 1 ng/ml by day 50, and were nondetectable by day 70. Circulating levels of LNG were elevated 24 hr after insertion of Norplant-II (5.8 +/- 3.0 ng/ml), peaked on day 2 (7.6 +/- 4.2 ng/ml), remained between 1.4 and 6.2 ng/ml from days 14 to 90, and were nondetectable by day 118, the first serum sample after removal of Norplant-II. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the epithelial thickness (microm), number of epithelial cell layers, or type of epithelium present in vaginal biopsies obtained during the follicular or luteal phases of the pretreatment menstrual cycle. Conversely, a pronounced effect of progestin treatment was observed on the vaginal epithelium. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two progestin treatment groups, but a significant effect (p < 0.05) over time was observed (two-way ANOVA). Compared with pretreatment menstrual cycle controls, the vaginal epithelial thickness was decreased (p < 0.05) by day 30 or 60 following Norplant-II insertion or Depo-Provera injection, respectively. The number of epithelial cell layers was also decreased (p < 0.05) on days 30 and/or 60 in progestin-treated monkeys compared with pretreatment control cycles. Following removal of Norplant-II or metabolic excretion of MPA, the vaginal epithellium regenerated and the thickness was no longer different (p > 0.05) from the pretreatment control cycle. These data demonstrate that progestin-only contraceptives induced thinning of the vaginal epithelium in rhesus monkeys, and this effect was rapidly reversible following physical or metabolic removal of the progestin.
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PMID:Effects of two progestin-only contraceptives, Depo-Provera and Norplant-II, on the vaginal epithelium of rhesus monkeys. 958 96

The relationship between cervical epithelium disorders and cervical ectopy and Depo-Provera use was investigated among African women. The women, aged 35-65 years, had gynecologic examinations, which included various cervical cancer screening tests including two 35-mm colored photographs of the cervix. Cervical photographs from 723 participants were reexamined for the signs of disruption. Results showed that among 121 current Depo-Provera users, 38% showed no steady increase in epithelial disruption compared with 34% of past users and 49% of nonusers. There was no difference in the odds ratio (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 0.89-2.11). The percentage of women with significant ectopy was higher in current and past users of Depo-Provera, but no trends remain after age adjustment and parity (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.80-1.86). The credibility of the diagnosis of cervical disruption combined (either ulceration, inflammation, or athropy) was excellent (K = 0.8). However, the results were doubtful in light of the concept that simple epithelial thinning may account for putative effects of Depo-Provera. The validity of this method needs further investigations.
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PMID:Prevalence of visible disruption of cervical epithelium and cervical ectopy in African women using Depo-Provera. 1051 30

This study assesses vaginal epithelial thickness and number of cell layers from biopsies taken in the untreated follicular and luteal phases and at 1 month and 3 months after administration of Depo-Provera. Subjects were seen at the CONRAD Clinical Research Center at the Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia. Findings showed that there was no significant change over time in either parameter from biopsies obtained in the luteal phase compared with those at either time after Depo-Provera administration. There was also no change in the mean number of Langerhans cells in vaginal wall specimens and no change in cervical ectopy. The dramatic vaginal thinning seen in rhesus monkeys was not observed among these subjects.
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PMID:The effect of one injection of Depo-Provera on the human vaginal epithelium and cervical ectopy. 1054 48

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of long-term use of the injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on human vaginal histology. Twenty premenopausal women currently using DMPA as a contraceptive method for two and three years were compared with 20 regularly menstruating women, who never used Depo-Provera and/or other kind of hormonal contraceptive in the last 6 months prior to the study. Subjects and controls were matched by age (+/-1 year), body mass index (kg/m2) (+/-1.0), number of pregnancies (+/-1), age at first intercourse (+/-1 year), years of sexual activity (+/-1 year), and number of partners during their life (+/-1). Vaginal biopsies were performed in users at 90+/-7 days after the last injection and in nonusers at day 20-25 of the menstrual cycle. In addition, at the day of the biopsy a blood sample was collected to measure estradiol (in all women) and DMPA in users. The level of serum estradiol was significant lower in Depo-Provera users than in controls (p < 0.001). The thickness of the vaginal epithelium was not smaller among DMPA users than among controls, the mean count of Langerhans cells per mm of epithelium were almost identical in both groups, and no significant differences were found on the vaginal maturation indices. In conclusion, the use of Depo-Provera between two and three years did not affect vaginal thinning of the epithelium, Langerhans cell count or maturation index.
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PMID:The effect upon the human vaginal histology of the long-term use of the injectable contraceptive Depo-Provera. 1102 25

The natural history of the disease of the dilated strain Bio TO-2 of cardiomyopathic hamsters (CMH) is not totally characterized. We investigated its hemodynamic and histomorphometric characteristics at 140, 180, 220, 260, and 300 days of age. Forty CMH and 40 controls were investigated (8 at each stage). Mean arterial pressure (MAP, carotid artery catheter) and cardiac output and femoral blood flow (CO, FBF, transit time method) were measured in anesthetized animals. Systemic (SVR) and femoral (FVR) vascular resistances were calculated. Atria, left and right ventricles (LV, RV), lungs, and liver were weighed. LV cavity area, LV and RV wall thicknesses and collagen densities were determined (computer-assisted image analyzer). Pulmonary and hepatic congestion were assessed (arbitrary scales). Compared with controls, MAP, CO and FBF were significantly lower in CMH throughout the study (on average: -22%, -34%, -33%, respectively), FVR was significantly increased (+15%), but SVR was not significantly modified. Concerning histomorphometric characteristics, differences between groups significantly increased with age for most variables: at 300 days, atria (+292%), RV (+13%), lungs (+44%), and liver (+23%) weights, LV cavity area (+130%), LV (+364%) and RV (+181%) collagen densities were significantly increased in CMH vs controls, whereas LV (-40%) and RV (-23%) wall thicknesses were significantly decreased. At 260 and 300 days, CMH showed significant pulmonary congestion without hepatic alteration. Bio TO-2 CMH progressively develop an alteration of cardiac function leading to decreased MAP and musculo-cutaneous blood flow associated with cardiac remodeling including atria hypertrophy and LV dilation, wall thinning and a rise in collagen density.
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PMID:Hemodynamic and histomorphometric characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy of Syrian hamsters (Bio TO-2 strain). 1133 10

Several small studies conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have shown that although progesterone appears to increase the likelihood of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission in exposed monkeys, women using hormone contraceptives do not appear to have the same increased risk for HIV. The results, published in the May issue of Science, show little, if any, increase in the rate of HIV infection in women on Depo-Provera, an injectable contraception containing progestin, compared to those who were not taking it. Another study, conducted in Thailand, found similar results. However, this contrasts sharply with the results of a monkey study that found that rhesus monkeys given progesterone experienced significant thinning of the vaginal wall. Researchers are examining the effects of progesterone on the lining of the vagina. Researchers are finding some thinning, but not to a significant degree. The CDC continues to stress that only abstinence or the use of latex condoms can prevent the spread of AIDS.
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PMID:Progesterone-HIV link questioned by new studies. 1136 49

After a recent study showing that monkeys given progesterone are more likely to acquire simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), women's reproductive health experts are advising clinicians to stress the importance of condom use and calm worried women by pointing out that other studies are needed to understand the relationship between hormones and HIV risk. Researchers have learned that progestin causes a thinning of the vaginal wall--possibly an explanation for the increase in SIV infection in the monkey study. Because Depo-Provera and Norplant are long-acting progestin-based contraceptives, women using them to prevent pregnancy may be especially alarmed by reports of the monkey study. Women should be advised that using these contraceptives do protect them from pregnancy; women should assess the risk of contracting HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases; and women should modify their behavior to lower their risk.
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PMID:Advice for women seeking progesterone counseling. 1136 50


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