Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0851184 (thinning)
 11,252 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Osteoporosis is a known complication of anorexia nervosa. Although calorie and mineral malnutrition may contribute to changes in bone mass and morphometry, hypoestrogenism is thought to be the most important etiologic factor. In a seven-year longitudinal study of six women aged 19 to 35 years with adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa, the objective was to correlate menstruation and bone morphometry. At the onset of the study, five women were amenorrheic and had abnormal metacarpal bone morphometry. After seven years, three women remained amenorrheic and below 85% of ideal body weight. Anteroposterior roentgenographs of the nondominant second metacarpal taken at the beginning and end of the study revealed an increase in medullary canal diameter (p less than 0.03) and medullary area (p less than 0.04) and a decrease in combined cortical thickness (p less than 0.04) and percent cortical area (p less than 0.02). These findings suggest progressive endosteal resorption in the absence of compensatory periosteal apposition. Such bone remodeling characteristics are distinctly abnormal in this age group. The three women who regained menses showed up to one third less endosteal resorption and less cortical thinning than did the three women who remained amenorrheic. Resumption of menses may be an important milestone in preventing further cortical bone loss in anorexia nervosa.
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PMID:A longitudinal study of metacarpal bone morphometry in anorexia nervosa. 156 57

Bacterial vegetations involving the aortic valves of six patients were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus--2, coagulase-negative staphylococcus--1, Streptococcus fecalis--2 and Streptococcus MG--1. The surface of the vegetations was usually amorphous. However, in areas where the surface of the vegetation was broken, myriads of microorganisms were seen. Transmission electron microscopy revealed bacteria embedded in an electron dense matrix in all vegetations despite the fact that they were negative on culture. Cell wall rupture was common. Thinning, and in some instances thickening, of the cell wall was also observed. The Streptococcus MG cells showed abnormal division with daughter cells being unable to separate. It is likely that the altered morphology of these bacterial cells is due to antibiotic treatment, however studies of an animal model of endocarditis are needed to dissect out the various possible contributions to these changes: host defenses; bacterial malnutrition in the depths of the vegetation; and antibiotic effect.
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PMID:Ultrastructure of cardiac bacterial vegetations on native valves with emphasis on alterations in bacterial morphology following antibiotic treatment. 342 27

Twenty-one dogs were chronically instrumented with ultrasonic left ventricular dimension transducers and micromanometers to elucidate the effects of acute protein-calorie malnutrition on cardiac function. Ten dogs received a regular diet for 3 wk, whereas 11 dogs received a protein-calorie-deficient diet designed to achieve a mean weight loss of 20-25% over a 3-wk period. Studies of cardiac function were performed in awake intact animals at base line (1 wk postoperatively) and after 3 wk. In the malnourished dogs, cardiac mass was lost in proportion to total body mass loss. Mean cardiac mass fell from 115 to 91 g. This was largely due to wall thinning in this group. Heart rate dropped from 125 to 79 beats/min with malnutrition and ejection fraction increased from 29.8 to 34.6%. Cardiac output fell from 2.98 to 2.38 l/min, but cardiac index normalized to body surface area was unchanged. No significant changes in hemodynamics were observed in the control group. In the malnutrition group, global ventricular contractility, as measured by the load-independent index of systolic function or the slope of linear relationship between end-systolic pressure and end-systolic volume (EmaxPV), decreased slightly from 3.56 to 2.81 mmHg/ml (P = 0.07). However, Emax calculated from circumferential stress and strain data was unchanged. This indicates that depressed contractility was due to loss of cardiac muscle mass rather than any change in the myocardium per se. Response to beta-adrenergic stimulation was unchanged with starvation. Acute protein-calorie malnutrition causes significant cardiac atrophy that is reflected in decreased cardiac output and slightly reduced contractility but not in intrinsic properties of the myocardium.
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PMID:Left ventricular function in malnutrition. 361 11

Replacement estrogen therapy for premenopausal women with secondary hypogonadism (exercise/weight loss amenorrheas) remains controversial. In a group of 14 women with anorexia nervosa, amenorrhea, and no evidence of other endocrinopathy or protein-calorie malnutrition, significant osteopenia was demonstrated as assessed by cortical thickness of carpal bones. The degree of bone thinning was related to the duration and age at onset of amenorrhea as well as abnormalities of pubertal milestone progression. In the young women with "constitutionally delayed" menarche, or with secondary amenorrhea and hypogonadism, significant osteopenia may also be present. For those women with (1) hypoestrogenism and amenorrhea of over 36 months' duration, (2) pubertal delay, and (3) early onset of secondary amenorrhea, evaluation of osteopenia radiographically, and serious consideration for estrogen replacement, is important.
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PMID:Osteopenia in hypoestrogenic young women with anorexia nervosa. 669 16

We describe a dermatosis in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) that has the characteristic features of the human skin disease, psoriasis vulgaris. The monkey was affected by chronic erythematous, scaling plaques that occurred on the scalp, face, dorsal back, the extensor aspects of the limbs and the palms and soles. Subungual hyperkeratosis was present. Skin biopsies of the affected skin showed a regular acanthosis with reduction of granular cell layer, parakeratosis and supra papillary thinning of the epidermis. Foci of inflammatory cells were seen in the upper epidermis. The dermal changes were tortuous capillary loops and benign inflammatory infiltrate, particularly in the papillary dermis, all of which are features of the human skin disease psoriasis vulgaris. The presence of a nutritional deficiency syndrome was excluded and there was no evidence of any systemic disease.
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PMID:Psoriasiform dermatosis in a rhesus monkey. 746 77

Arterial hypertension leads to left ventricular hypertrophy. In proportion to increased left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy is considered to be of adaptive nature from the point of view of wall stress regulation. In the beginning, left ventricular function is normal, whereas diastolic filling is already compromised by the process of hypertrophy and altered ventricular geometry. In case of ventricular dilation and wall thinning, wall stress increases and leads to an increment in myocardial oxygen demand and a decrease of left ventricular ejection fraction. This is followed by a further decline in intrinsic myocardial contractility and a decrease in the elastic material properties of the myocardium. The structure of the myocardium is characterized by myocyte hypertrophy, a process of reactive and reparative fibrosis and alterations of the coronary microcirculation. Coronary vasodilator reserve is markedly impaired and is likely to initiate a process of malperfusion and malnutrition under increased metabolic demands. Particularly, the combined involvement of myocytes, interstitium, and intramyocardial vasculature appears to predispose to late heart failure after prolonged exposure to chronic pressure overload in arterial hypertension.
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PMID:Heart failure on the basis of hypertension. 848 35

We evaluated the radiological, biochemical and growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) changes in 10 children with severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) who had rachitic manifestations (group 1), 10 children with severe PEM without clinical signs of rickets (group 2), and 10 children with normal body weight-for-length and -age, suffering from vitamin-D-deficiency with signs of florid rickets (group 3) and 10 normal age-matched children (group 4). Serum calcium (Ca2+), phosphorus (PO4), and albumin concentrations were markedly decreased in the two groups with PEM. Malnourished children with rickets had significantly higher serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations compared to the malnourished group without rachitic manifestations. Radiological evaluation of the two groups who had rachitic manifestations revealed demineralization of long bones, thinning of the bony cortex, increased formation of osteoid tissue, and metaphyseal changes including cupping, fraying, and flaring. The incidence of these radiological findings did not differ among the well-nourished and the malnourished groups with clinical signs of rickets. However, the incidence of fracture of the shaft was higher (40 per cent) in the malnourished group compared to the well-nourished group (10 per cent) with rickets. In the malnourished group without clinical evidence of rickets, demineralization and cortical thinning was detected in 40 per cent without significant metaphyseal changes. Basal concentrations of GH and peak GH response to clonidine were significantly elevated and IGF-I concentrations were significantly depressed in the malnourished groups v. the other two groups. There were no significant differences in the fasting and the clonidine provoked GH levels or IGF-I concentrations between the rachitic children (group 3) and the normal children. These data suggest that in rachitic children there is not a major role for circulating GH (and by implication IGF-I) on bone mineralization. However, during malnutrition decreased IGF-I production can slow or stop epiphyseal growth and might contribute to the demineralization of the cortex of long bones.
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PMID:Radiological, biochemical, and hormonal changes in malnourished children with rachitic manifestations. 882 Jun 18

Manganese chloride (Mn) was dissolved in the drinking water (0, 2, or 10 mg/ml) of dams and their litters from conception until postnatal day (PND) 30. Parturition was uneventful in the Mn-exposed rats and no physical abnormalities were observed. The rats exposed to 10 mg/ml Mn showed a 2.5-fold increase in cortical Mn levels. Their weight gain was attenuated from PND 9-24 and they were hyperactive at PND 17. Neither the 2 nor the 10 mg/ml Mn-exposed groups differed from the controls on the elevated plus apparatus or on the Morris water maze and the radial arm maze. Brain monoamine levels and choline acetyltransferase activity were affected. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry showed that dopamine cells of the substantia nigra were intact. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was not increased in cortex, caudate, and hippocampus. However, both the low- and high-dose Mn-exposed groups showing thinning of the cerebral cortex. This could have resulted from perinatal malnutrition or from a direct effect of Mn on cortical development.
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PMID:Perinatal manganese exposure: behavioral, neurochemical, and histopathological effects in the rat. 908 7

In this review, we discuss the effect of increased and decreased loading and nutrition deficiency on muscle and bone mass and strength (and bone length and architecture) independently and combined. Both exercise and nutrition are integral components of the mechanostat model but both have distinctly different roles. Mechanical strain imparted by muscle action is responsible for the development of the external size and shape of the bone and subsequently the bone strength. In contrast, immobilization during growth results in reduced growth in bone length and a loss of bone strength due to large losses in bone mass (a result of endosteal resorption in cortical bone and trabecular thinning) and changes in geometry (bone shafts do not develop their characteristic shape but rather develop a rounded default shape). The use of surrogate measures for peak muscle forces acting on bone (muscle strength, size, or mass) limits our ability to confirm a cause-and-effect relationship between peak muscle force acting on bone and changes in bone strength. However, the examples presented in this review support the notion that under adequate nutrition, exercise has the potential to increase peak muscle forces acting on bone and thus can lead to a proportional increase in bone strength. In contrast, nutrition alone does not influence muscle or bone in a dose-dependent manner. Muscle and bone are only influenced when there is nutritional deficiency--and in this case the effect is profound. Similar to immobilization, the immediate effect of malnutrition is a reduction in longitudinal growth. More specifically, protein and energy malnutrition results in massive bone loss due to endosteal resorption in cortical bone and trabecular thinning. Unlike loading however, there is indirect evidence that severe malnutrition when associated with menstrual dysfunction can shift the mechanostat set point upward, thus leading to less bone accrual for a given amount of bone strain.
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PMID:The effect of exercise and nutrition on the mechanostat. 1617 15

To explore associations between psychiatric symptoms and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in low-birth-weight adolescents, 55 very low-birth-weight (<or=1500 gm), 54 term small for gestational age (birth weight <10th centile) and 66 term control adolescents (birth weight >or=10th centile) were assessed at 14-15 years of age. Outcome measures were Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale IV, Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire, and qualitatively assessed cerebral magnetic resonance images. The very low-birth-weight group manifested increased prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and disorders compared with controls (P < 0.001), especially symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and high frequency of ventricular dilatation, white matter reduction, thinning of corpus callosum, and gliosis (P < 0.01 vs controls). The Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale score was significantly associated with white matter reduction and thinning of corpus callosum in this group. The term small for gestational age group had increased prevalence of psychiatric symptoms compared with control subjects, but not more frequent abnormalities on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. In conclusion, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms were significantly associated with white matter reduction and thinning of corpus callosum in very low-birth-weight adolescents. No associations were found for other psychiatric symptoms and brain abnormalities in any of the groups.
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PMID:Low-birth-weight adolescents: psychiatric symptoms and cerebral MRI abnormalities. 1619 24


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