UMLS:C0851184 - FACTA Search

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Query: UMLS:C0851184 (thinning)
11,252 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent work suggests that genes encoding complement proteins that are active in the innate immune system may confer risk for schizophrenia by disrupting typical synaptic pruning in late adolescence. Alterations in the complement pathway may contribute to aberrant cortical thinning in schizophrenia prodromes and reduced prefrontal cortical thickness in chronic schizophrenia patients; however, this theory needs to be translated to humans. We conducted a series of analyses in a sample of adult Swedish twins enriched for schizophrenia (N=129) to assess the plausibility of a relationship between complement gene expression and cortical thickness that could go awry in the etiology of schizophrenia. First, we identified that peripheral mRNA expression levels of two complement genes (C5, SERPING1) made unique contributions to the variance in superior frontal cortical thickness among all participants. Vertex-wise maps of the association between gene expression levels and thickness across the cortex suggested that this relationship was especially strong with SERPING1 in the superior frontal region, consistent with the pattern of disruption in cortical thickness observed in schizophrenia. Additional analyses identified that these genes are expressed in the human superior frontal cortex, that heritable genetic factors influence SERPING1 gene expression levels, and that these associations are observed regardless of case status. These findings provide initial evidence linking the complement system with cortical thinning in humans, a process potentially involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Complement Gene Expression Correlates with Superior Frontal Cortical Thickness in Humans. 2875 43

Schizophrenia is characterized by deficits in gesturing that is important for nonverbal communication. Research in healthy participants and brain-damaged patients revealed a left-lateralized fronto-parieto-temporal network underlying gesture performance. First evidence from structural imaging studies in schizophrenia corroborates these results. However, as of yet, it is unclear if cortical thickness abnormalities contribute to impairments in gesture performance. We hypothesized that patients with deficits in gesture production show cortical thinning in 12 regions of interest (ROIs) of a gesture network relevant for gesture performance and recognition. Forty patients with schizophrenia and 41 healthy controls performed hand and finger gestures as either imitation or pantomime. Group differences in cortical thickness between patients with deficits, patients without deficits, and controls were explored using a multivariate analysis of covariance. In addition, the relationship between gesture recognition and cortical thickness was investigated. Patients with deficits in gesture production had reduced cortical thickness in eight ROIs, including the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, the superior and inferior parietal lobes, and the superior and middle temporal gyri. Gesture recognition correlated with cortical thickness in fewer, but mainly the same, ROIs within the patient sample. In conclusion, our results show that impaired gesture production and recognition in schizophrenia is associated with cortical thinning in distinct areas of the gesture network.
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PMID:The cortical signature of impaired gesturing: Findings from schizophrenia. 2915 38

Cannabis is associated with increased risk for severe mental illness and is commonly used among individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. In this study we investigated associations between cannabis use and brain structures among patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained for 77 schizophrenia and 55 bipolar patients with a history of cannabis use (defined as lifetime use >10 times during one month or abuse/dependence), and 97 schizophrenia, 85 bipolar disorder patients and 277 healthy controls without any previous cannabis use. Cortical thickness, cortical surface area and subcortical volumes were compared between groups. Both hypothesis-driven region-of-interest analyses from 11 preselected brain regions in each hemisphere and exploratory point-by-point analyses were performed. We tested for diagnostic interactions and controlled for potential confounders. After controlling for confounders such as tobacco use and alcohol use disorders we found reduced cortical thickness in the caudal middle frontal gyrus compared to non-user patients and healthy controls. The findings were not significant when patients with co-morbid alcohol and illicit drug use were excluded from the analyses, but onset of cannabis use before illness onset was associated with cortical thinning in the caudal middle frontal gyrus. To conclude, we found no structural brain changes associated with cannabis use among patients with severe mental illness, but the findings indicate excess cortical thinning among those who use cannabis before illness onset. The present findings support the understanding that cannabis use is associated with limited brain effects in schizophrenia as well as bipolar disorder.
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PMID:Cortical thickness, cortical surface area and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients with cannabis use. 2925 57

Deficit schizophrenia (DS) is a homogeneous subtype of schizophrenia characterized by primary and enduring negative symptoms. However, the underlying neuroanatomical substrate of DS remains poorly understood. Here, we collected high-resolution structural magnetic resonance images of 115 participants, including 33 DS patients, 41 nondeficit schizophrenia (NDS) patients, and 41 healthy controls (HCs), and calculated the cortical thickness and surface area for statistical comparisons among the 3 groups. Relative to the control group, both the DS and NDS groups exhibited convergent cortical thinning in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri and the left superior temporal gyrus. The cortical thinning in the right inferior frontal cortex in the patient group was significantly positively correlated with declines of cognitive flexibility and visuospatial memory. Importantly, compared to the NDS group, the DS group exhibited a more widespread cortical thinning pattern, with the most significant differences in the left temporo-parietal junction area. For the surface area measurement, no significant group differences were observed. Collectively, these results highlight the convergent and divergent cortical thinning patterns between patients with DS and NDS, which provide critical insights into the neuroanatomical substrate of DS and improve our understanding of the biological mechanism that contributes to the negative symptoms and cognitive impairments in DS.
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PMID:Mapping Convergent and Divergent Cortical Thinning Patterns in Patients With Deficit and Nondeficit Schizophrenia. 2927 43

Cortical thinning in frontal and temporal regions has been reported in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and, less consistently, among their unaffected first-degree relatives. Likewise, first-degree relatives demonstrate attenuated differences in neurocognitive performance relative to healthy controls, indicating that neurocognitive performance may be an important endophenotype of the disorder. Less is known about how cortical thickness relates to neurocognitive performance in these individuals. Given the robust nature of temporal structural abnormalities in schizophrenia, this study aimed to identify how temporal lobe cortical thickness might relate to verbal memory in first-degree relatives. Unaffected parents and siblings of individuals with adult-onset schizophrenia (N=62) and individuals in healthy control families (N=70) participating in the UCLA Family Study received a structural MRI and completed a battery of neurocognitive tests. Cortical thickness was estimated across the cortex and thickness measures of all regions in the temporal lobe were summed, averaged, and residualized for age and sex to produce a variable. A verbal learning factor was derived from two common tests of verbal learning and memory, the CVLT-II and Logical Memory of the WMS-III. Results demonstrated a significant interaction between group and verbal learning in relationship to temporal lobe thickness. Post-hoc analyses revealed significant correlations between verbal learning and cortical thickness in the relatives of schizophrenia patients which were driven by immediate recall scores on the CVLT-II and Logical Memory. These findings indicate that cortical thickness in the temporal cortex may represent a structural correlate for encoding verbal information in unaffected relatives of individuals with schizophrenia.
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PMID:Temporal lobe thickness and verbal memory in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia. 2949 68

Mounting evidence supports a genetic-vascular-inflammatory etiology of schizophrenia. The retina provides an indirect assessment of inflammation and degeneration in the brain. In particular, the use of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has emerged as a powerful tool for examining single retinal nerve cell layers and the choroid, the vascular layer supplying the outer retina. In this study, choroidal and macular thicknesses were measured in six patients with psychosis with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and in 18 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Mean choroidal thickness was reduced in psychosis, though not significantly so. There was a statistically significant decrease in macular thickness in psychosis patients predominantly affecting the inner layers of the macula. Significant macular thinning may signal vascular, inflammatory, or degenerative processes that may also be occurring in the brain. This is one of the first studies to examine choroidal thickness in psychosis. Further studies are needed to determine whether the retinal changes in psychosis are correlated with microvascular dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.
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PMID:A pilot study assessing retinal pathology in psychosis using optical coherence tomography: Choroidal and macular thickness. 2990 83

Schizophrenia is associated with cortical thickness (CT) deficits and breakdown in white matter microstructure. Whether these pathological processes are related remains unclear. We used multimodal neuroimaging to investigate the relationship between regional cortical thinning and breakdown in adjacent infracortical white matter as a function of age and illness duration. Structural magnetic resonance and diffusion images were acquired in 218 schizophrenia patients and 167 age-matched healthy controls to map CT and fractional anisotropy in regionally adjacent infracortical white matter at various cortical depths. We found a robust and reproducible relationship between thickness and anisotropy deficits, which were inversely correlated across cortical regions (r = -.5, P < .0001): the most anisotropic infracortical white matter was found adjacent to regions with extensive cortical thinning. This pattern was evident in early (20 y: r = -.3, P = .005) and middle life (30 y: r = -.4, P = .004, 40 y: r = -.3, P = .04), but not beyond 50 years (P > .05). Frontal pathology contributed most to this pattern, with cortical thinning in patients compared to controls at all ages (P < .05); in contrast to initially elevated frontal white matter anisotropy in patients at 30 years, followed by rapid white matter decline with age (rate of annual decline; patients: 0.0012, controls 0.0006, P < .001). Our findings point to pathological dependencies between gray and white matter in a large sample of schizophrenia patients. We argue that elevated frontal anisotropy reflects regionally-specific, compensatory responses to cortical thinning, which are eventually overwhelmed with increasing illness duration.
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PMID:Linking Cortical and Connectional Pathology in Schizophrenia. 3021 83

The aberrant orchestration between the triple networks has been suggested as a backbone for some cognitive and clinical features of schizophrenia. The salience network (SN) plays a general role in switching between the central executive network (CEN) and the default mode network (DMN) mediated by dopamine activity. Whether the disease state and dopamine associated gene, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), has an interactive effect on the function and structure of the triple network has not been understood. To this end, independent component analysis was used to identify the triple network. Then, cortical thickness and inter-regional resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the triple network was investigated in 55 first episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and 53 age-, gender-, and education- matched healthy controls. Finally, we investigated if there exist interactive effect between disease and COMT gene variation on the abnormal brain structure and function. Our results show that patients with FES exhibited significantly increased RSFC between anterior cingulate cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared with healthy controls. The cortical thickness of the left DLPFC was thinner in FES patients. Significant interaction effect between COMT and disease was found in cortical thickness of the left DLPFC. Specifically, cortical thinning in this region was evident with the val homozygotes group of the COMT gene in FES. This findings suggest abnormal RSFC between CEN and SN and thinker cortical thickness in FES. And the val homozygotes of COMT may contribute to further cortical thinning in FES patients.
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PMID:Association between function and structure of the triple network and catechol-O-methyltransferase val¹⁵⁸met polymorphism in the first episode schizophrenia. 3024 Aug 22

Schizophrenia is a debilitating disorder with complex and unclarified etiological factors. Sex differences have been observed in humans but animal models have only focused on male subjects. In this study, we report the establishment of the neurodevelopmental MAM model of schizophrenia in mice and compare the schizotypic-like characteristics and cognitive functions in both sexes. Pregnant mice were injected with methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) or saline on gestational day (GD) 16 (MAM-16) or 17 (MAM-17). Female MAM-16, but not MAM-17 treated mice exhibited enhanced hyperlocomotion after acute MK-801 administration, compared to saline treated mice. Male MAM-16, but not MAM-17, treated mice showed reduced pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Both male and female MAM-16 and MAM-17 treated mice exhibited smaller hippocampal (HPC) size and thinning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), but only male MAM-16 treated mice showed decreased parvalbumin expression in HPC and PFC. Similarly, both male and female MAM-16 treated mice displayed impaired contextual fear memory and significantly reduced long-term potentiation (LTP) in the HPC CA1 synapses. However, male, but not female, MAM-16 treated mice exhibited deficits in the delayed alternation task and LTP in layer II PFC synapses. Proteomic analyses of PFC lysates further showed significant MAM- and sex-dependent differences in protein expression regulation. Our results demonstrate that while both male and female mice, prenatally exposed to MAM on GD16, display several core schizophrenia-like deficits and impairments in the hippocampus, only male MAM-treated mice have PFCdependent cognitive deficits.
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PMID:Development of the MAM model of schizophrenia in mice: Sex similarities and differences of hippocampal and prefrontal cortical function. 3036 2

Schizophrenia is characterized by psychosis and, in most cases, cognitive impairment. It is unclear, however, whether these elements of the disorder represent distinct or related disease processes. Accordingly, this study investigated 3-way interactions between group, cognition and cortical thickness in cognitively-matched patients with schizophrenia and healthy control groups. Patients and healthy controls were group-matched on demographics and a broadly-based index of cognitive performance. T1-weighted images were processed using Freesurfer. Variable selection techniques were applied to determine which regions best predicted 3-way interaction effects. Independent variables included age, sex, IQ, and 87 regional cortical thickness values strongly associated with group or cognition. Antipsychotic treatment effects were also investigated. Twenty regions were selected by the best fitting model. The top 6 regions included the left pre- and post-central, left superior frontal and temporal and right rostral and caudal middle frontal cortices. No antipsychotic treatment effects were seen. Cortical thinning in schizophrenia exists even in the absence of cognitive impairment. Our findings support the separation of psychosis and cognitive impairment as independent disease processes, with distinct relations with cortical thickness in prefrontal cortical areas. Parsing out these two disease processes will increase understanding of heterogeneity in schizophrenia and may modify treatment targets.
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PMID:Cortical thickness correlates of cognitive performance in cognitively-matched individuals with and without schizophrenia. 3100 42

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