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Query: UMLS:C0849787 (nipple discharge)
 518 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is generally treated by conservative surgery alone and less often by mastectomy. We report our experience using conservative surgery and whole breast irradiation (WBI) for the treatment of patients with LCIS. From 1980 to 1992, 25 women with a median age of 54 years underwent lumpectomy (20) or quadrantectomy (5) and WBI (median dose: 52 Gy) for treatment of their LCIS. Five cases had palpable lesions, 19 were found by mammography alone and one case was found due to nipple discharge. Twelve women received tamoxifen at 20 mg/day for 2 years. With a median follow-up of 153 months (range 58-240), only one local recurrence was observed. The global rate of bilateral carcinoma was 17.6% (two synchronous and one metachronous). Until now, no case of LCIS treated by lumpectomy and radiation therapy has been reported in detail in the literature. After biopsy alone for LCIS, a subsequent infiltrating carcinoma occurs in approximately 15% of cases. Thus, classical radiosurgical therapy should represent an interesting alternative both for limited surgery alone and mastectomy, both of which have been proposed as sole treatments for LCIS.
Eur J Cancer 2005 Feb
PMID:Breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy: a possible treatment for lobular carcinoma in situ? 1569 36

Ductography has become the gold standard for the evaluation of patients exhibiting pathologic nipple discharges. In nine patients (age range, 29-67 years; median age, 51 years) with invasive (n=5) or intraductal (n=4) cancer, ductographic findings were recorded, then correlated with mammographic and sonographic findings. Common ductographic findings included complete ductal obstruction, multiple irregular filling defects in the nondilated peripheral ducts, ductal wall irregularities, periductal contrast extravasation, and ductal displacement. Faint microcalcifications or ill-defined masses, which were not opacified by contrast material, were often discovered adjacent to ductal abnormalities. Mammographically and sonographically occult diffusely spreading intraductal cancers often manifested as pathologic nipple discharge. In such cases, meticulous ductographic examinations and interpretations were crucial in order not to miss breast cancers.
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PMID:Ductographic findings of breast cancer. 1578 17

Mammary ductoscopy (MD) allows direct visual access to the mammary ducts, using fiberoptic microendoscopes inserted through the ductal opening onto the nipple surface. Therefore it has a potential role in the diagnosis and treatment of intraductal breast disease. This article describes the anatomy of the mammary ductal system, the early beginnings of MD, its ongoing evolution, and the need for further development for its future usage in increasing clinical indications. MD is a useful diagnostic adjunct in patients with pathological nipple discharge (PND) and can guide duct excision surgery. However, its potential use in the early detection of breast cancer, in guiding breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for cancer, and in the therapeutic ablation of intraductal disease, as well as in guiding risk-reducing strategies among high-risk women, requires further research and evaluation. The development of a biopsy kit that obtains adequate microbiopsy samples for histological diagnosis under direct visualization will enhance the use of this technique by breast surgeons and radiologists. Future developments also include combining MD with molecular diagnostic markers and optical biopsy systems for the diagnosis of premalignant and early malignant disease, and combining MD with radiofrequency for curative ablation of intraductal lesions.
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PMID:Mammary ductoscopy: past, present, and future. 1586 96

Breast papilloma is a term that describes an intraductal papillary configuration of the mammary epithelium on macroscopic or microscopic examination. It includes solitary intraductal papillomas, multiple papillomas, papillomatosis, and juvenile papillomatosis (JP).Recent advances in mammary ductoscopy (MD) have raised new possibilities in the diagnosis and treatment of breast papillomas. This technique represents an important diagnostic adjunct in patients with pathological nipple discharge (PND) by allowing direct visualisation and biopsy of intraductal lesions and guiding duct excision surgery. Treatment of breast papillomas often entails surgical duct excision for symptomatic relief and histopathological examination. Recently, more conservative approach has been adapted. MD-assisted microdochectomy should be considered the procedure of choice for a papilloma-related single duct discharge. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that MD has the potential to reduce the number of duct excision procedures and minimise the extent of surgical resection. Imaging-guided vacuum-assisted core biopsy can be diagnostic and therapeutic for papillomas seen on mammography and/or ultrasound. Patients with multiple papillomas do have an increased risk of developing cancer and should be kept under annual review with regular mammography (preferably digital mammography) if treated conservatively. Magnetic resonance (MR) can be also used in surveillance in view of its high sensitivity. Because the risk is small, long term and affects both breasts, long-term follow-up is more appropriate than prophylactic mastectomy. Patients who prove to have solitary duct papilloma have insufficient increase in the risk of subsequent malignancy to justify routine follow-up.
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PMID:Breast papillomas: current management with a focus on a new diagnostic and therapeutic modality. 1641 42

Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy among women in the Western world. Mammography, which is currently the main screening modality for early detection, has a low positive predictive value of only 25%, especially in young women with very dense breasts. Therefore, new screening approaches are needed for the early detection of breast cancer in all age groups. Mammary ductoscopy (MD) is a newly developed endoscopic technique that allows direct visualization and biopsy of the mammary ductal epithelium where most cancers originate. The procedure can be performed under local anesthesia in the office setting. At present, MD is used as a diagnostic adjunct in patients with pathological nipple discharge and to guide duct excision surgery. This article focuses on the potential of this technique in breast cancer screening and highlights its limitations in this context.
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PMID:The potential role of breast ductoscopy in breast cancer screening. 1646 70

A patient with intraductal papilloma who had abnormal bloody discharge from Montgomery's areolar tubercle underwent mammary ductography, mammary ductoscopy from the tubercle, and microdochectomy.A 43-year-old woman who was being followed-up for left breast cancer noticed bloody discharge from Montgomery's areolar tubercle of the right breast. Because the discharge continued for 2 months, further examinations were conducted. Mammary ductoscopy of Montgomery's areolar tubercle showed a normal internal duct structure. The presence of yellowish superficial lesions suggested intraductal inflammation or superficial hyperplasia of the duct epithelium. Lavage cytology revealed benign papillary lesions. Since the discharge continued and we could not completely exclude malignancy, microdochectomy was performed. Histologically a lactiferous duct was connected to Montgomery's areolar tubercle and an intraductal papilloma was seen in part and considered to have caused the bloody discharge. Bloody discharge from Montgomery's areola tubercles is extremely rare, the present case was our first experience with ductoscopy of Montgomery's areolar tubercle out of 641 cases of mammary ductoscopy performed on patients with bloody nipple discharge from 1998 to 2004. In our case, Montgomery's areolar tubercles were connected to a lactiferous duct. Although there are a few breast carcinomas that cause bloody discharge and eruption of areola, areolar preservation should be performed with the knowledge that disease may also involve the areola through the lactiferous ducts.
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PMID:Intraductal papilloma with bloody discharge from Montgomery's areolar tubercle examined by ductoscopy from the areola. 1651 70

A case of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) with microinvasion arising in a radial scar of the breast is presented. A 57-year-old woman visited our hospital with bloody discharge from her left nipple. There were no abnormal findings on cytology, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level of nipple discharge was <500 ng/ml, and mammograms were normal. After 2 years of careful periodic follow-up, spiculation without a central core appeared on mammograms. The CEA level of the nipple discharge increased to 1,000 ng/ml. Ductgraphy showed a connection between the duct with the discharge and the center of the spiculation. Since these findings suggested malignancy, she underwent segmentectomy of the breast, and pathological examination showed a radial scar and DCIS with microinvasion in the ducts within the radiating bands of fibrous tissues. We discuss the characteristics of a radial scar and its relationship to breast cancer based on our experience and a review of the literature.
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PMID:Non-palpable ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) with microinvasion arising in a radial scar presenting with spiculation alone on mammograms: a case report. 1651 71

Nipple discharge is not uncommon in women during their reproductive years. The etiology is benign in the majority of cases. Patients presenting with nipple discharge often require major duct excision (MDE) for accurate diagnosis and treatment. MDE is enhanced by the use of intraoperative injection of methylene blue dye into the discharging duct in order to aid visualization. Methylene blue dye-enhanced MDE has several advantages over traditional techniques. Methylene blue dye staining identifies the major discharging duct, as well as its side branches, which allows the surgeon to resect that specific ductal system only. This method allows neighboring major ducts to remain intact, preserving nipple function and permitting future cancer detection. Methylene blue-enhanced MDE allows the surgeon to more accurately determine the precise location and volume of tissue that needs to be excised. Lastly, methylene blue is both safe and inexpensive.
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PMID:Intraoperative intraductal injection of methylene blue dye to assist in major duct excision. 1653 Nov 54

There is no consensus about the diagnostic approach to pathologic nipple discharge (PND). We hypothesize that lactiferous duct excision (microdochectomy) or image-guided biopsy are safe and effective means of diagnosis of PND. Eighty-two patients with PND underwent history and physical exam followed by breast sonography and mammogram. Image-guided biopsy was done if imaging studies were positive, whereas microdochectomy was done if normal. Discharge was unilateral (96%), bloody (79%), and spontaneous (62%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for the detection of neoplasia were 0.07, 1.0, 1.0, and 0.4 for mammography and 0.26, 0.97, 0.91, and 0.48 for sonography, respectively. Tissue diagnosis revealed papillary lesion (57%), mammary duct ectasia (33%), breast cancer (5%), and inflammatory/infectious (5%) causes. Hemorrhagic discharge associated with pregnancy or infections was managed successfully without surgery. After a median follow-up of 18 months, no PND recurrence was seen, but one patient developed cancer in a different location after diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia. In conclusion, imaging studies provide confirmatory information and a biopsy target when positive. Negative imaging does not reliably exclude neoplasia or malignancy. Microdochectomy provides a sensible and effective approach in the workup of patients with PND.
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PMID:Outcomes of clinical and surgical assessment of women with pathological nipple discharge. 1653 40

Mammary ductoscopy (MD) has been used as a tool to evaluate the breast for cancer for over 10 years. MD allows the direct visualization of the duct lumen, providing a more targeted approach to the diagnosis of disease arising in the ductal system, since the lesion can be visualized and samples collected in the area of interest. Initial studies of MD evaluated women with pathologic spontaneous nipple discharge (PND), while more recent reports are also using MD to assess women without PND for the presence of breast cancer. Cytologic assessment of MD is highly specific but less sensitive in the detection of breast cancer. Nonetheless, a MD sample from a breast with PND may rarely undergo cytologic review and be interpreted as consistent with malignancy, only later to undergo surgical resection demonstrating benign pathology. For this reason, PND specimens interpreted as malignant on cytologic review require histopathologic confirmation prior to instituting therapy. Additional sample evaluation using image or molecular analysis may improve the sensitivity and specificity of MD in breast cancer detection.
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PMID:Breast cancer detection using mammary ductoscopy. 1655 12


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