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Query: UMLS:C0849640 (skin damage)
 1,516 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The etiology of nosocomial infections, the frequency of contaminated hands with the different nosocomial pathogens, and the role of health care workers' hands during outbreaks suggest that a hand hygiene preparation should at least have activity against bacteria, yeasts, and coated viruses. The importance of efficacy in choosing the right hand hygiene product is reflected in the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on hand hygiene (J. M. Boyce and D. Pittet, Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51:1-45, 2002). The best antimicrobial efficacy can be achieved with ethanol (60 to 85%), isopropanol (60 to 80%), and n-propanol (60 to 80%). The activity is broad and immediate. Ethanol at high concentrations (e.g., 95%) is the most effective treatment against naked viruses, whereas n-propanol seems to be more effective against the resident bacterial flora. The combination of alcohols may have a synergistic effect. The antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine (2 to 4%) and triclosan (1 to 2%) is both lower and slower. Additionally, both agents have a risk of bacterial resistance, which is higher for chlorhexidine than triclosan. Their activity is often supported by the mechanical removal of pathogens during hand washing. Taking the antimicrobial efficacy and the mechanical removal together, they are still less effective than the alcohols. Plain soap and water has the lowest efficacy of all. In the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline, promotion of alcohol-based hand rubs containing various emollients instead of irritating soaps and detergents is one strategy to reduce skin damage, dryness, and irritation. Irritant contact dermatitis is highest with preparations containing 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, less frequent with nonantimicrobial soaps and preparations containing lower concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate, and lowest with well-formulated alcohol-based hand rubs containing emollients and other skin conditioners. Too few published data from comparative trials are available to reliably rank triclosan. Personnel should be reminded that it is neither necessary nor recommended to routinely wash hands after each application of an alcohol-based hand rub. Long-lasting improvement of compliance with hand hygiene protocols can be successful if an effective and accessible alcohol-based hand rub with a proven dermal tolerance and an excellent user acceptability is supplied, accompanied by education of health care workers and promotion of the use of the product.
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PMID:Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs. 1548 52

We investigated whether the topical application of a novel, water-soluble gamma-tocopherol (gamma-Toc) derivative, gamma-tocopherol-N,N-dimethylglycinate hydrochloride (gamma-TDMG), could protect against UV-induced skin damage in hairless mice. Topical pre- or post-application of a 5% (93 mM) gamma-TDMG solution in water/propylene glycol/ethanol (2:1:2) significantly prevented sunburn cell formation, lipid peroxidation and edema/inflammation that were induced by exposure to a single dose of UV irradiation of 5 kJ/m2 (290-380 nm, maximum 312 nm). This effect was greater than that seen with two alpha-Toc derivatives, alpha-tocopherol acetate (alpha-TA) and alpha-tocopherol-N,N-dimethylglycinate (alpha-TDMG). When a 5% solution of gamma-TDMG was applied to mouse skin for 1 h, cutaneous gamma-Toc increased by 25-fold after 24 h; levels of cutaneous alpha-Toc increased by only two- and eight-fold in alpha-TDMG and alpha-TA treated skins, respectively. These findings indicated that gamma-TDMG immediately converted to gamma-Toc in the skin and suggest that ability of gamma-TDMG to protect the skin from the damaging effects of irradiation was due to its conversion to gamma-Toc. When a 5% solution of gamma-Toc was applied to mouse skin for 1 h, cutaneous gamma-Toc rapidly increased by 25-fold, but fell to baseline levels by 24 h. In contrast, the concentration of gamma-Toc in skin that was treated with gamma-TDMG similarly increased, but these high levels were maintained after 24 h. These results suggest that gamma-TDMG may be a more effective source of gamma-Toc in skin. Thus, the topical application of gamma-TDMG may be efficacious for the prevention of UV-B-induced skin damage.
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PMID:Topical application of a novel, water-soluble gamma-tocopherol derivative prevents UV-induced skin damage in mice. 1574 21

Previous in vivo studies showed the combination pentoxifylline (PTX) and alpha-tocopherol was highly efficient in reducing late radiation-induced skin damage. The present work aimed at investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the effects of this combination. Primary cultures of confluent dermal fibroblasts were gamma-irradiated in the presence of PTX and trolox (Tx), the water-soluble analogue of alpha-tocopherol. Drugs were added either before or after radiation exposure and were maintained over time. Their antioxidant capacity and their effect on radiation-induced ROS production was assessed together with cell viability and clonogenicity. DNA damage formation was assessed by the alkaline comet assay and by the micronucleus (MN) test. Cell cycle distribution was also determined. The combination of PTX/ Tx was shown to reduce both immediate and late ROS formation observed in cells after irradiation. Surprisingly, decrease in DNA strand breaks measured by the comet assay was observed any time drugs were added. In addition, the micronucleus test revealed that for cells irradiated with 10 Gy, a late significant increase in MN formation occurred. The combination of PTX/Tx was shown to be antioxidant and to decrease radiation-induced ROS production. The observed effects on DNA damage at any time the drugs were added suggest that PTX/Tx could interfere with the DNA repair process.
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PMID:Modulation of DNA damage by pentoxifylline and alpha-tocopherol in skin fibroblasts exposed to Gamma rays. 1596 66

The effectiveness of a sunscreen product can be reduced by sweating, friction, water immersion, or any other force that has the potential to remove the product from the surface of the skin. Substantivity (resistance to removal by water or sweat) along with durability (resistance to removal by wear) during physical activity are important aspects of sunscreen performance along with the fundamental protection provided against sunburn and ultraviolet-induced skin damage. Standards for measuring substantivity and other performance characteristics are available in regulations or guidelines around the world, but these regulations vary concerning the labeling and communication of product performance to consumers. Sunscreens alone should not be relied on to prevent all of the possible harmful effects of sun exposure. Variation between individuals, the substantivity and durability of products, and exposure conditions all play a role in the performance of sunscreens.
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PMID:Water resistance and extended wear sunscreens. 1631 Nov 69

It has been reported that application of sunscreens prevents the photoaging of skin in animal models and in humans. We irradiated the dorsal skin of hairless mice with ultraviolet-A (UVA), and investigated the effects of sunscreens on skin elastase activity and on skin properties. Six-week-old female HR/ICR hairless mice were used in these experiments. After being treated with either a UVA sunscreen (also containing ultraviolet-B (UVB) sunscreen to eliminate any slight UVB in the UVA lamps; Protection Factor of UVA (PFA)=6, Sun Protection Factor (SPF)=20) or a vehicle, the dorsal skins of mice were irradiated with the UVA lamps at 22.3 J/cm(2)/d, 5 times a week. At the end of 15 weeks skin properties were evaluated and elastase activities were measured. In the vehicle control group, UVA irradiation increased the brightness and yellowing of the skin, decreased the water content of the stratum corneum, increased skin thickness, decreased skin elasticity, increased skin elastase activity, and decreased the ability of the skin to recover in a pinch test, as compared to an unirradiated group. All these differences were statistically significant. In the UVA sunscreen group, both the UVA induced skin damage and the increase in skin elastase activity were significantly inhibited, as compared to the vehicle group. However, as compared to the unirradiated group, skin elastase activity was significantly increased and immediate extensibility of skin (Ue) was significantly decreased, thereby indicating that the UVA sunscreen did not prevent photoaging to the same level as the unirradiated group. These results suggest the partial efficacy of the topical photoprotection from UVA by the sunscreen in inhibiting elastase activation, and also suggest the possibility of reducing photoaging.
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PMID:The effect of sunscreen on skin elastase activity induced by ultraviolet-A irradiation. 1632 69

Effects of indomethacin and dexamethasone on recovery of cutaneous barrier disruption induced by mechanical scratching were examined. Cutaneous barrier was disrupted by scratching using a stainless-steel wire brush (mechanical scratching) and compared to cutaneous application of acetone/ether (1:1) mixture (AE) and tape-stripping. Increase of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), as an indicator of a broken skin barrier, and recovery period for mechanical scratching were higher and longer than those for AE treatment and tape-stripping and we also confirmed the severity of skin damage in a histological study. Topical application of moisturizers showed a temporal effect, rapidly decreased TEWL on mechanical scratching- or AE treatment-induced cutaneous barrier disruption, and gradually increased base levels from 4 to 12 h after treatment. Topical application of indomethacin or dexamethasone prolonged the recovery period for the cutaneous barrier, and concomitant use further worsened the status of the barrier. Additionally, we examined the effects of prostaglandins (PGs) and inflammatory cytokine on mechanical scratching-induced cutaneous barrier disruption pretreated with indomethacin and dexamethasone. As a results, PGD2 and interleukin (IL)-1beta significantly accelerated the recovery of cutaneous barrier disruption by mechanical scratching but such was not the case with PGE2, IL-1alpha, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment. These results suggest that indomethacin and dexamethasone prolonged the recovery period caused by inhibition of PGD2 and IL-1beta. Mechanical scratching-induced cutaneous barrier disruption may be a useful method for evaluating means of recovery from skin damage.
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PMID:Effects of indomethacin and dexamethasone on mechanical scratching-induced cutaneous barrier disruption in mice. 1676 58

Ultraviolet radiation is the major environmental cause of skin damage. Although only 0.5% of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation reaches the earth, it is the main cause of sunburn and inflammation and the most carcinogenic constituent of sunlight. We investigated whether the topical application of a novel, water-soluble gamma-tocopherol (gamma-Toc) derivative, gamma-tocopherol-N,N-dimethylglycinate hydrochloride (gamma-TDMG), could protect against UV-induced skin damage. Topical pre- or postapplication of gamma-TDMG solution significantly prevented sunburn cell formation, lipid peroxidation, and edema/inflammation that were induced by exposure to a single dose of UV irradiation. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-catalyzed synthesis of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) levels seen after UV exposure were significantly suppressed by pre- or posttreatment with gamma-TDMG. The increase in COX-2 activity was significantly inhibited by gamma-TDMG, suggesting that the reduction in PGE(2) concentration was due to the direct inhibition of COX-2 activity by gamma-TDMG. The derivative strongly inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression and nitric oxide production. With the application of gamma-TDMG, the pigmentation in melanocytes was lightened and the increase melanin concentration was suppressed. Gamma-TDMG is converted to gamma-Toc in the skin and has higher bioavailability than gamma-Toc itself. These results suggest that gamma-TDMG-derived gamma-Toc acts as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antipigmentation agent. Our data further suggest that the topical application of gamma-TDMG may be efficacious in preventing and reducing UV-induced skin damage in humans.
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PMID:[UVB-induced skin damage and the protection/treatment--effects of a novel, hydrophilic gamma-tocopherol derivative]. 1694 83

Over the last decades, the incidence of ultraviolet B (UVB)-related skin problems has been increasing. Damages induced by UVB radiation are related to mutations that occur as a result of direct DNA damage and/or the production of reactive oxygen species. We investigated the anti-oxidant effects of a Polygonum multiflorum thumb extract against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation. Female SKH-1 hairless mice were divided into three groups: control (N = 7), distilled water- (N = 10), and P. multiflorum extract-treated (PM, N = 10) groups. The PM (10 g) was extracted with 100 mL distilled water, cryo-dried and 9.8 g was obtained. The animals received a topical application of 500 microL distilled water or PM extract (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16%, w/v, dissolved in distilled water) for 30 min after UVB irradiation (wavelength 280-320 nm, 300 mJ/cm(2); 3 min) of the dorsal kin for 14 days, and skin immunohistochemistry and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) activity were determined. SOD1 immunoreactivity, its protein levels and activities in the skin were significantly reduced by 70% in the distilled water-treated group after UVB irradiation compared to control. However, in the PM extract-treated groups, SOD1 immunoreactivity and its protein and activity levels increased in a dose-dependent manner (1-16%, w/v, PM extract) compared to the distilled water-treated group. SOD1 protein levels and activities in the groups treated with 8 and 16%, w/v, PM extract recovered to 80-90% of the control group levels after UVB. These results suggest that PM extract strongly inhibits the destruction of SOD1 by UV radiation and probably contains anti-skin photoaging agents.
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PMID:An extract of Polygonum multiflorum protects against free radical damage induced by ultraviolet B irradiation of the skin. 1697 4

In this in vivo human study we assessed the influence of skin damage by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on percutaneous penetration of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of different molecular weights (MW). Percutaneous penetration of PEGs was determined using tape stripping of the stratum corneum (SC). The forearm skin of volunteers was pretreated with 5% w/w SLS for 4 h, and 24 h later patches with PEGs were applied for 6 h. The penetration parameters were deduced by data regression to Fick's law for unsteady-state diffusion. The trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) increased after SLS treatment from 6.3 +/- 2.1 to 17.9 +/- 8.7 g/m(2)/h. The diffusion coefficient for all PEGs was increased in the SLS-damaged skin. The increase was smaller for higher MW. In addition, the partition coefficient of PEGs between SC and water was larger in the SLS-compromised skin and showed a tendency to increase with MW. The permeability coefficient decreased gradually with increasing MW of PEGs in both control and SLS-compromised skin. SLS caused a threefold increase in the permeability coefficient for all MWs ranging in control skin from 0.34 to 0.70 x 10(-5) cm/h and in the SLS-compromised skin from 1.20 to 2.09 x 10(-5) cm/h for MW of 590-282 Da. The results of this study show the deleterious effect of SLS on the skin barrier for hydrophilic PEGs. A defective skin barrier will facilitate absorption of other chemicals and local skin effects.
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PMID:Increased permeability for polyethylene glycols through skin compromised by sodium lauryl sulphate. 1698 62

The carboxylic acids include alpha-hydroxyacids (AHAs), polyhydroxy acids (PHAs), aldobionic acids (ABAs), retinoic acid, vitamin C and azelaic acid. They all have therapeutic actions. AHAs, PHAs and ABAs are organic hydroxyacids, a group of natural and physiological substances which can modulate skin keratinization and increase biosynthesis of dermal components. Because of these effects, AHAs, PHAs and ABAs are therapeutically effective or beneficial for topical treatment of dry skin, rough skin, acne, rosacea, warts, eczema, psoriasis and skin changes associated with ageing, including wrinkles and photoageing. In addition, PHAs and ABAs, which are antioxidants, are topically beneficial for sensitive or diseased skin and for the prevention of oxidative damage caused by UV radiation. The vitamin A derivatives, known as retinoids, include three that are found physiologically. Retinoic acid is the most potent of these in promoting proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, and in stimulating biosynthesis of collagen I and III. Because of these actions, retinoic acid is therapeutically effective for topical treatment of acne, actinic keratoses and photoaged skin. Vitamin C, which is l-ascorbic acid and a lactone form of 3-keto-polyhydroxy acid, is a water-soluble antioxidant. Because of this property vitamin C has been promoted for topical prevention of skin damage caused by UV radiation. Azelaic acid has been shown to normalize keratinization in the follicular infundibulum, exert an antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes and inhibit melanogenesis and so has been used for topical treatment of acne and melasma. The carboxylic acids display similarities and differences in their topical actions and therapeutic applications.
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PMID:Alpha-hydroxyacids and carboxylic acids. 1714 60


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