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Query: UMLS:C0849640 (skin damage)
 1,516 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

As an index of skin barrier function, transepidermal water loss (TEW) was investigated in subjects reactive to adhesive tapes. Tape reactive subjects showed no difference in TEW in untreated skin when compared to non-reactive subjects. Plastic tape and transparent tape produced varying degrees of dermatitis in reactive subjects; the TEW was increased up to 40-fold of the baseline values correlating with the degree of dermatitis. Paper tape and plastic film without adhesive did not produce dermatitis and increased water loss. Regeneration of skin damage was accompanied by a decrease of TEW values. The general problem of tape reactors and tape irritation is discussed.
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PMID:Transepidermal water loss in adhesive tape induced dermatitis. 102 45

This study was conducted to determine whether oral and/or topical selenium (Se) supplementation can reduce the incidence of acute and/or chronic damage to the skin (i.e., sunburn and pigmentation and/or skin cancer, respectively) induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in mice. Groups of 38 BALB:c female mice or 16 Skh:2 hairless pigmented mice were treated with 1) lotion vehicle, 2) 0.02% L-selenomethionine (SeMet) lotion, or 3) vehicle and 1.5 ppm SeMet in the drinking water. Within each group, 30 BALB:c mice or 12 Skh:2 mice were given UV irradiation (Westinghouse FS 40 bulbs) three times per week in doses of 0.575 and 0.24 J/cm2, respectively. The animals' weights and food intakes and the Se concentrations of skin and liver were measured. Skin biopsies were taken from the backs and abdomens of all animals to evaluate the relative amounts of Se and the damage by UV irradiation. Skin pigmentation was scored, and the total number of clinically detectable skin tumors per animal was counted weekly. Results showed that the skin Se concentrations in areas of application of the lotion containing SeMet were greater than those of animals given comparable oral doses, while the Se concentrations of untreated skin and liver were similar to those of animals receiving oral Se. Mice treated with Se showed no signs of toxicity and had significantly less skin damage by UV irradiation, as indicated by reduced inflammation and pigmentation and by later onset and lesser incidence of skin cancer.
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PMID:The effects of topical and oral L-selenomethionine on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation. 158 7

A fixation regime which combined cryopreservation, freeze drying and vapour fixation with osmium tetroxide, was found to preserve the mucous coat of trout skin for ambient temperature scanning electron microscopy. The regime was used to study changes to the mucous coat of trout skin during a spontaneous outbreak of "columnaris" disease--a common dermatitis of commercial salmonids associated with the bacterial pathogen Cytophaga columnaris. Infected and damaged regions of skin were covered by a mucous coat which differed from that which covered adjacent unaffected areas. In unaffected areas, the mucous coat topography was smooth and relatively featureless. In contrast, the mucous coat which covered damaged areas was fissured, cratered and contained exfoliated epithelial cells. Nevertheless, this study showed that even sites of extensive dermal ulceration, in which mucous cells had been destroyed, retained a partial mucous coat. This suggests that mucus, after secretion, flows over the skin surface, rather than functioning only near the site of production. Because of the various protective functions attributed to the mucous coat, its partial presence over areas of skin damage would contribute to defence against secondary pathogens and to the prevention of excess movement of ions and water at these sites. The technical development in mucous stabilization, described in this paper, will provide a means for examining morphological changes to the mucous coat of fish skin in response to a range of stimuli in future studies.
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PMID:Pathology of the mucous coat of trout skin during an erosive bacterial dermatitis: a technical advance in mucous coat stabilization for ultrastructural examination. 160 54

The aim of the study was to assess the susceptibility of clinically normal skin to a standard irritant trauma under varying physiological and patophysiological conditions. Evaluation of skin responses to patch tests with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was used for assessment of skin susceptibility. The following noninvasive measuring methods were used for evaluation of the skin before and after exposure to irritants: measurement of transepidermal water loss by an evaporimeter, measurement of electrical conductance by a hydrometer, measurement of skin blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry, measurement of skin colour by a colorimeter and measurement of skin thickness by ultrasound A-scan. The studies were carried out on healthy volunteers and patients with eczema. In the first studies the standard irritant patch test for assessment of skin susceptibility was characterized and validated. SLS was chosen among other irritants because of its ability to penetrate and impair the skin barrier. The implications of use of different qualities of SLS was investigated. The applied noninvasive measuring methods were evaluated, and for quantification of SLS-induced skin damage measurement of TEWL was found to be the most sensitive method. Application of the standard test on clinically normal skin under varying physiological and patophysiological conditions lead to the following main results: Seasonal variation in skin susceptibility to SLS was found, with increased susceptibility in winter, when the hydration state of the stratum corneum was also found to be decreased. A variation in skin reactivity to SLS during the menstrual cycle was demonstrated, with an increased skin response at day 1 as compared to days 9-11 in the menstrual cycle. The presence of active eczema distant from the test site increased skin susceptibility to SLS, indicating a generalized hyperreactivity of the skin. Taking these sources of variation into account healthy volunteers and patients with hand eczema and atopic dermatits were studied and compared. In healthy volunteers increased baseline TEWL and increased light reflection from the skin, interpreted as "fair" skin, was found to be associated with increased susceptibility to SLS. Hand eczema patients were found to have fairer and thinner skin than matched controls. Increased susceptibility to SLS was found only in patients with acute eczema. Patients with atopic dermatitis had increased baseline TEWL as well as increased skin susceptibility as compared to controls. Skin susceptibility is thus influenced by individual- as well as environment-related factors. Knowledge of determinants of skin susceptibility may be useful for the identification of high-risk subjects for development of irritant contact dermatitis, and may help to prevent the formation of the disease.
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PMID:Noninvasive measuring methods for the investigation of irritant patch test reactions. A study of patients with hand eczema, atopic dermatitis and controls. 163 60

Mechanical trauma to genital skin may favor the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. To study differences between vulvar and forearm skin in epidermal repair after standardized trauma, transepidermal water loss, capacitance and pH of forearm and vulvar skin in 10 healthy premenopausal women were monitored for 7 days after a standardized trauma induced by tape stripping to glistening. Vulvar and forearm skin showed similar responses immediately after tape stripping: a sudden increase in transepidermal water loss and capacitance. Forearm skin, however, reacted more intensely than vulvar skin; forearm skin readings remained significantly higher than normal values for 2 days after tape stripping, whereas vulvar skin readings were not significantly different from normal. Thus, vulvar skin did not respond as extensively as forearm skin, presumably because it is a less complete barrier against excess body water loss. On the other hand, vulvar skin seemed to recover faster from skin damage than forearm skin, probably because of its higher epidermal cell turnover.
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PMID:Standardized trauma (tape stripping) in human vulvar and forearm skin. Effects on transepidermal water loss, capacitance and pH. 167 19

The percutaneous absorption of indomethacin from transparent oil in water gels (TOW gels) has been studied in rabbits and compared with absorption from a hydrophilic gel and from a spray formulation. The area under the curve and the Cmax values in plasma were significantly higher for the TOW gels in comparison with the other formulations after single application. The pH of the aqueous phase of the TOW gels did not significantly influence the bioavailability. After multiple application the TOW gels induced a larger increase in AUC (vs first application) in comparison with the other formulations. None of the formulations without drug damaged the skin after multiple application. For indomethacin formulations skin damage was more pronounced with the hydrophilic gel than for the TOW gels and spray formulation.
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PMID:Percutaneous absorption of indomethacin from transparent oil/water gels in rabbits. 167 34

Chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine have been compared for bacteriological effect and skin damage when used with brushes. Chlorhexidine used with a single-use brush was significantly more effective than povidone-iodine. Transepidermal water loss, skin surface conductance and image analysis were used to assess skin damage. Most results were similar between the two agents, but certain markers indicated that less damage was caused by chlorhexidine.
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PMID:Evaluation of surgical scrubbing. 167 44

The role of race in modulating skin responses has been investigated. Several parameters (skin thickness, transepidermal water loss, water content of the stratum corneum and skin biomechanics) have been measured using noninvasive tools in whites, Hispanics and blacks to assess whether the melanin content could induce changes in skin biophysical properties. Marked differences between races appear in stratum corneum water content and in skin extensibility, recovery and elastic modulus. Measurements done in different sun-exposed sites highlight the effects of solar irradiation on the skin and the role of melanin in preventing skin damage. The study shows that racial differences in skin physiology exist and are mainly related to the protective role of melanin present in races with darker skin. Moreover, differences in skin hydration are not fully explained according to the site and presence of hair.
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PMID:In vivo biophysical characterization of skin physiological differences in races. 205 Feb 40

The effect of fractionated 43.7 degrees C water bath heating on the skin of CDF1 mice was investigated. The normal tissue damage was scored at five levels (from slight redness and oedema to loss of a toe or greater damage) according to an arbitrary score system. The heating time to induce a given level of damage in half of the treated animals (RD50) was used as an end point. The feet were exposed either to a single treatment at 43.7 degrees C for different time periods or to a priming treatment of 30 min. at 43.7 degrees C followed at different intervals by a second graded heat treatment at 43.7 degrees C. In all treatment schedules, the score level increased proportionally with heating time, and the score system offered a good description of the acute skin damage following hyperthermia. The priming heat treatment induced thermotolerance with a time course independent of the score level chosen to estimate the heat response. The thermotolerance developed rapidly, reached a maximum within a 24 hr. interval, and then decayed slowly. The degree of thermotolerance was calculated by means of two previously described formulas for the thermotolerance ratio (TTR). The kinetics of thermotolerance in the skin of mice was independent of the TTR formula, whereas the degree of thermotolerance depended on both the score level and the TTR formula used.
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PMID:Thermotolerance in the mouse foot estimated at various levels of normal tissue damage. 256 90

Three factors are of primary importance in determining the iontophoretic flux of a charged solute: the electrochemical potential gradient across the skin, an increase in skin permeability to passive transport due to iontophoresis (loosely defined as skin damage), and a current-induced water flux. The latter two factors can also affect the transport of uncharged solutes during iontophoresis. A method of correcting for the skin damage effect is introduced. The contributions of the water transport effect relative to that of the applied voltage drop for charged solutes is estimated. It is shown that the water transport contribution is generally lower than the contribution due to the applied voltage drop. The observed iontophonetic flux of the enhancement factors due to the applied voltage drop alone are compared with the theoretical predictions based on the constant field assumption. It is shown that the theoretical predictions are higher than the experimental observations. This work also examines, for the first time, a synergism of iontophoresis and pretreatment with a chemical penetration enhancer as a means for delivering high molecular weight polypeptides. It is shown that a 2-h pretreatment with absolute ethanol followed by iontophoresis dramatically increases the permeability coefficient of insulin through human skin.
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PMID:Transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery: mechanistic analysis and application to polypeptide delivery. 266 25


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