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Query: UMLS:C0849640 (skin damage)
 1,516 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

6-Beta-naltrexol is the major active metabolite of naltrexone, NTX, a potent mu-opioid receptor antagonist used in the treatment of alcohol dependence and opioid abuse. Compared to naloxone, NTX has a longer duration of action largely attributed to 6-beta-naltrexol. This study was carried out in order to determine percutaneous absorption of a transdermal codrug of naltrexol, 6-beta-naltrexol-hydroxybupropion codrug (CB-NTXOL-BUPOH), in hairless guinea pigs as well as to evaluate the safety of 6-beta-naltrexol for development as a transdermal dosage form. This codrug may be useful in the simultaneous treatment of alcohol dependence and tobacco addiction. The carbonate codrug traversed the skin at a faster rate than 6-beta-naltrexol. 6-Beta-naltrexol equivalent steady state plasma concentrations of 6.4 ng/ml were obtained after application of the codrug as compared to 1.2 ng/ml from 6-beta-naltrexol base. The steady state plasma concentration of hydroxybupropion after codrug application was 6.9 ng/ml. Skin sensitization and irritation tested in the hairless guinea pigs using the Buehler method revealed that 6-beta-naltrexol had no skin sensitizing potential. The method was validated with a known sensitizer, p-phenylenediamine, which induced sensitization in 90% of the animals. 6-beta-Naltrexol caused only mild transient skin irritation after the initial application of the patch. During subsequent applications, erythema was slightly increased but no skin damage was observed. In conclusion, a transdermal codrug of 6-beta-naltrexol could be a viable alternative treatment for alcohol and opiate abuse.
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PMID:In vivo evaluation of a transdermal codrug of 6-beta-naltrexol linked to hydroxybupropion in hairless guinea pigs. 1832 86

Alpha-hydroxy acids have been used topically to treat skin for both dermatological and cosmetic problems for many years. Though there are many known benefits of the use of alpha-hydroxy acids on skin, there have been recent reports that topical treatments with alpha-hydroxy acids increase skin damage resulting from UVB. Additionally, high concentrations of alpha-hydroxy acids by themselves have also been found to cause skin irritation. In order to find alternatives to alpha-hydroxy acids, we investigated a variety of amino sugar compounds that were previously reported to inhibit the reaggregation of dissociated corneocytes by modulating cellular adhesion. In vivo, we observed that topical treatments with a formulation containing N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) led to an increase in skin moisturization, a decrease in skin flakiness, and the normalization of stratum corneum exfoliation. In vitro, we observed an upregulation of differentiation markers, keratin 10 and involucrin, in keratinocytes treated with NAG. CD44 is a lectin cell adhesion molecule that is also expressed in keratinocytes. Amino sugars such as NAG may competitively bind to CD44, modulating keratinocyte cellular adhesion. We hypothesize that these amino sugars modulate keratinocyte cellular adhesion and differentiation, leading to the normalization of stratum corneum exfoliation. We propose the use of amino sugars such as NAG as alternative compounds to replace the use of alpha-hydroxy acids in skin care.
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PMID:The effect of N-acetyl-glucosamine on stratum corneum desquamation and water content in human skin. 1969 38

The toxicity of jet fuels was measured using noninvasive magnetic resonance microimaging (MRM) at 900-MHz magnetic field. The hypothesis was that MRM can visualize and measure the epidermis exfoliation and hair follicle size of rat skin tissue due to toxic skin irritation after skin exposure to jet fuels. High-resolution 900-MHz MRM was used to measure the change in size of hair follicle, epidermis thickening and dermis in the skin after jet fuel exposure. A number of imaging techniques utilized included magnetization transfer contrast (MTC), spin-lattice relaxation constant (T1-weighting), combination of T2-weighting with magnetic field inhomogeneity (T2*-weighting), magnetization transfer weighting, diffusion tensor weighting and chemical shift weighting. These techniques were used to obtain 2D slices and 3D multislice-multiecho images with high-contrast resolution and high magnetic resonance signal with better skin details. The segmented color-coded feature spaces after image processing of the epidermis and hair follicle structures were used to compare the toxic exposure to tetradecane, dodecane, hexadecane and JP-8 jet fuels. Jet fuel exposure caused skin damage (erythema) at high temperature in addition to chemical intoxication. Erythema scores of the skin were distinct for jet fuels. The multicontrast enhancement at optimized TE and TR parameters generated high MRM signal of different skin structures. The multiple contrast approach made visible details of skin structures by combining specific information achieved from each of the microimaging techniques. At short echo time, MRM images and digitized histological sections confirmed exfoliated epidermis, dermis thickening and hair follicle atrophy after exposure to jet fuels. MRM data showed correlation with the histopathology data for epidermis thickness (R(2)=0.9052, P<.0002) and hair root area (R(2)=0.88, P<.0002). The toxicity of jet fuels on skin structures was in the order of tetradecane>hexadecane>dodecane. The method showed a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 75%. By MR image processing, different color-coded skin structures were extracted and 3D shapes of the epidermis and hair follicle size were compared. In conclusion, high-resolution MRM measured the change in skin epidermis and hair follicle size due to toxicity of jet fuels. MRM offers a three-dimensional spatial visualization of the change in skin structures as a method of toxicity evaluation and for comparison of jet fuels.
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PMID:Jet fuel toxicity: skin damage measured by 900-MHz MRI skin microscopy and visualization by 3D MR image processing. 2066 27

Skin explants maintained in culture may represent a reliable model for in vitro tests of the irritancy of chemicals. During the process of skin irritation intracellular enzymes migrate into the culture medium. The amount of released enzyme activity corresponds to the degree of skin damage. Skin of hairless mice (hr/hr) has been found to be especially useful for this model. Histomorphology demonstrated that the explants were almost identical to the in vivo situation. Skin explants of hairless mice of 50 mm(2) were used for the tests. The dermal side of the skin is in contact with the medium whereas the substance is applied to the epidermal side and incubated for 24 hr. As parameters for the membrane-damaging effect, the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and glutamic-oxaloacetate transaminase were measured. The determination of the glucose utilization during the incubation period gave additional information about the viability of the cultured skin. Various chemicals were used. Histological examination complemented the biochemical results and differentiated epidermal lesions, but was limited by the absence of inflammatory reactions of the dermal part of the skin. Overall, in vitro skin culture tests seem to be useful as screening tests prior to in vivo studies and for the development of new formulations.
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PMID:Skin organ culture for the study of skin irritancy. 2070 81

The stratum corneum (SC) plays a very critical physiological role as skin barrier in regulating water loss through the skin and protects the body from a wide range of physical and chemical exogenous insults. Surfactant-containing formulations can induce skin damage and irritation owing to surfactant absorption and penetration. It is generally accepted that reduction in skin barrier properties occurs only after surfactants have penetrated/permeated into the skin barrier. To mitigate the harshness of surfactant-based cleansing products, penetration/permeation of surfactants should be reduced. Skin impedance measurements have been taken in vitro on porcine skin using vertical Franz diffusion cells to investigate the impact of surfactants, temperature and pH on skin barrier integrity. These skin impedance results demonstrate excellent correlation with other published methods for assessing skin damage and irritation from different surfactant chemistry, concentration, pH, time of exposure and temperature. This study demonstrates that skin impedance can be utilized as a routine approach to screen surfactant-containing formulations for their propensity to compromise the skin barrier and hence likely lead to skin irritation.
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PMID:Study of surfactant-skin interactions by skin impedance measurements. 2192 33

In this study, to assess whether aqueous and ethanol fractions of Angelica keiskei induce acute skin irritation and phototoxicity, acute skin irritancy and phototoxicity tests were performed. The skin of rabbits or guinea pigs was treated with these fractions (100 mg/dose) and whether the animals sustained significant skin damage was determined. The data demonstrated that the aqueous and ethanol fractions of Angelica keiskei did not induce acute toxicity in the skin of the animals, as assessed by anatomical and pathological observations. The results from the present study suggest that these aqueous and ethanol fractions of Angelica keiskei have promising potential uses as cosmetic ingredients that do not induce significant levels of skin irritation or phototoxicity.
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PMID:Evaluation of acute skin irritation and phototoxicity by aqueous and ethanol fractions of Angelica keiskei. 2325 Dec 40

Coumarin and its derivatives are widely employed as a fragrance in cosmetics and skin care products. The skin absorption level and possible disruption to the skin by topical application of coumarins were evaluated in this study. Percutaneous absorption of osthole, daphnoretin, coumarin, byakangelicin, and 7-hydroxycoumarin was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Skin physiology measurements and immunoblotting were utilized as methodologies for validating toxicity. The relationship between structures and permeation/toxicity of coumarins was elucidated. Both equimolar concentration and saturated solubility in 30% ethanol were used as the applied dose. Osthole with the most lipophilic characteristic demonstrated the greatest skin accumulation, followed by coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin. Coumarin was the permeant with the highest flux across the skin. The trend of in vivo deposition was consistent with that of the in vitro profiles. Skin uptake of osthole was 8-fold higher than that of coumarin. Hair follicles played a significant role as a pathway for transport of coumarin according to the examination of follicular accumulation. Osthole and 7-hydroxycoumarin slightly, but significantly, enhanced transepidermal water loss after a consecutive 5-day administration. The immunoblotting profiling verified the role of proliferation in skin damage induced by osthole, byakangelicin, and 7-hydroxycoumarin. The proliferation-related proteins examined in this work included glucose-regulated proteins, cytokeratin, and C-myc. Daphnoretin and coumarin showed a negligible alteration on protein biomarkers. The experimental results suggested that skin irritation caused by coumarins was mainly derived from the analogs but not from coumarin itself.
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PMID:Coumarin derivatives, but not coumarin itself, cause skin irritation via topical delivery. 2456

Patients relying on central venous access devices (CVADs) for treatment are frequently complex. Many have multiple comorbid conditions, including renal impairment, nutritional deficiencies, hematologic disorders, or cancer. These conditions can impair the skin surrounding the CVAD insertion site, resulting in an increased likelihood of skin damage when standard CVAD management practices are employed. Supported by the World Congress of Vascular Access (WoCoVA), developed an evidence- and consensus-based algorithm to improve CVAD-associated skin impairment (CASI) identification and diagnosis, guide clinical decision-making, and improve clinician confidence in managing CASI. A scoping review of relevant literature surrounding CASI management was undertaken March 2014, and results were distributed to an international advisory panel. A CASI algorithm was developed by an international advisory panel of clinicians with expertise in wounds, vascular access, pediatrics, geriatric care, home care, intensive care, infection control and acute care, using a 2-phase, modified Delphi technique. The algorithm focuses on identification and treatment of skin injury, exit site infection, noninfectious exudate, and skin irritation/contact dermatitis. It comprised 3 domains: assessment, skin protection, and patient comfort. External validation of the algorithm was achieved by prospective pre- and posttest design, using clinical scenarios and self-reported clinician confidence (Likert scale), and incorporating algorithm feasibility and face validity endpoints. The CASI algorithm was found to significantly increase participants' confidence in the assessment and management of skin injury (P = .002), skin irritation/contact dermatitis (P = .001), and noninfectious exudate (P < .01). A majority of participants reported the algorithm as easy to understand (24/25; 96%), containing all necessary information (24/25; 96%). Twenty-four of 25 (96%) stated that they would recommend the tool to guide management of CASI.
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PMID:Management of Central Venous Access Device-Associated Skin Impairment: An Evidence-Based Algorithm. 2835 88

'Fragile skin', or skin with lower resistance to aggressors, can be broadly classified into four causal categories: constitutional (age-dependent or associated with specific vulnerable locations on the body, e.g. eyelids), pathological (related to disease), circumstantial (related to environmental or internal factors, e.g. stress) and iatrogenic (caused by medical interventions or treatments). In this supplement, we focus on the fourth category, the iatrogenic origin of fragile skin and the role that dermo-cosmetics can have in restoring the natural protective function of the skin following treatments for skin diseases and medical interventions. We present epidemiological data on the prevalence of fragile skin in three different geographical regions, and the results of two randomized controlled studies investigating the efficacy and tolerability of dermo-cosmetics in combination with topical acne treatment and following physical skin damage. Overall, we found that prevalence across the three regions (23% in Germany, 41% in UAE, 56% in Taiwan) reflected previous global estimates (24-53%) across skin types, with significant associations found with environmental and lifestyle factors, such as stress, humidity and pollution. The iatrogenic effects of topical acne treatments can result in poor compliance or use of over-the-counter moisturizers, which may reduce treatment efficacy. Dermo-cosmetics were found to aid in restoration of fragile skin caused by the acne topical retinoid treatment adapalene 0.1% gel, by reducing transepidermal water loss and improving skin hydration, as well as reducing the side-effects such as skin irritation that are frequently associated with topical retinoids. Additionally, dermo-cosmetic products were found to accelerate wound closure following skin damage in a laser ablation model and reduced the duration of post-procedural side-effects such as itching and burning.
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PMID:Fragility of epidermis: acne and post-procedure lesional skin. 2880 34


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