Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0848332 (Spots)
 453 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to characterize certain aspects of gene expression during the granulocytic differentiation of the HL60 cell line, we have analysed changes in the population of mRNA available for translation in vitro. RNA extracts of DMSO-induced and control cells were translated in vitro in a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing system. Translation products were analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. Autoradiograms were analysed by a computer-assisted method utilizing a drum-scanning microdensitometer. Spots were identified by their relative positions on the films and their relative intensity was estimated. One hundred and eighty-one peptides were identified in both the DMSO-induced and untreated control HL60 cells, 31 of which showed differentiation-associated changes in synthesis in vitro. The 11 peptides which decreased in synthesis did so early in the differentiation process, whereas most of the 20 peptides which increased did so at a later time. Three peptides were shown to increase more than 8-fold by day 4 of induction. A comparison with normal granule proteins from human leukocytes suggests that at least two of these may correspond to functional granule proteins. The changes in peptide patterns which we describe demonstrates that the program of gene expression during HL60 differentiation includes changes in the relative abundance of specific mRNA transcripts. The data described here also provides a standard for comparison of other proteins, such as oncogene products, as they are identified.
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PMID:Differentiation-associated changes in in-vitro mRNA translation in the HL60 cell line. 346 11

In order to study the molecular actions of growth hormone on gene expression, we have cloned and characterized two unique, but related, cDNA sequences from rat liver, lambda Spi-1 and lambda Spi-2. These two cDNA sequences are complementary to rat hepatic mRNA species previously designated as Spots 3 and 20 when assayed by in vitro translation and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. By Northern blot, the two mRNAs are both 1900 bases in length and growth hormone administered to hypophysectomized rats increases the levels of both of these mRNAs. In contrast, the combined administration of thyroxine, corticosterone, and dihydrotestosterone to hypophysectomized rats did not augment these mRNAs. The simultaneous administration of all four hormones resulted in a level greater than that observed for animals treated with growth hormone alone. Analysis of genomic DNA suggests the presence of two similar, but not identical, genes. DNA sequencing of lambda Spi-1 and lambda Spi-2 revealed that they were 90% homologous at the nucleotide level and 87% homologous at the amino acid sequence level. lambda Spi-2 has 78% homology with mouse contrapsin, 60% with human alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and 51-55% with alpha 1-antitrypsins, all members of the serine protease inhibitor gene family. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of lambda Spi-1 and lambda Spi-2 which align with the reactive centers of known members of this family differ substantially from each other and from other members of the family. The difference in the reactive center suggests that the specificity or function of these proteins may differ from other members of serine protease inhibitor gene family.
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PMID:Growth hormone induces two mRNA species of the serine protease inhibitor gene family in rat liver. 349 16

Cat faeces can contain pathogens of zoonoses (viroses, bacterioses and protozooses) and stages of parasites (e.g. helminths) which can be spread potentially by Diptera. In reference to this: Remarks on the cat faeces. Spots of defecation of cats in different biotopes of the open land and in buildings. Conditions for the visit of Diptera to cat faeces. List of the 187 species of Diptera of 27 families discovered on cat faeces. Relation of the number of species being vectors found on faeces of cats to the entire number of species found on faeces produced by different carnivorous, omnivorous and herbivorous animals. 84.8% of the dipteran species ascertained on food and folder were also found on the faeces of cats, a remarkable hygienic result, perhaps caused by the composition of the dipteran fauna in the vicinity of traps. Remarks on the species of Diptera on faeces of cats which are vectors of diseases. Cat keeping and hygiene in buildings. Unhygienic and mass keeping of cats (e.g. breedings, laboratory keeping, animal-homes, zoos) may be a potential starting point for the attack of food and fodder by Diptera contaminated but also localities for the transmission of such diseases.
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PMID:[The flight of dipterans from cat feces and its possible hygienic significance]. 361 16

Proteins and glycoproteins of the bovine interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) with or without neuraminidase treatment was analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with Western blotting and staining with seven horseradish peroxidase-labeled lectins. More than 80 spots of proteins and glycoproteins were revealed on the gel. Nineteen spots (or groups of spots) were revealed by staining with five lectins [concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA-1) and soybean agglutinin (SBA)]; some of those spots were specific for one lectin and others reacted with several lectins. We could not detect distinct spots reacting with Dolichos biflorus agglutinin or Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1. Neuraminidase digestions of the IPM increased and unmasked the binding spots for PNA, RCA-1 and SBA. The spots of WGA-receptors without neuraminidase treatment were mostly identical to the receptors for PNA, RCA-1 and SBA, which became prominent after the digestion. Spots reacting with RCA-1 were mostly identical to the spots of SBA-receptors. The spots reacting with PNA coincided only partially with the spots reacting with RCA-1 and SBA.
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PMID:Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of lectin receptors in the bovine interphotoreceptor matrix. 375 21

A sensitive and reproducible method for the detection of specific antibody production (or total immunoglobulin secretion) at the single cell level from isolated lamina propria lymphocytes was developed. The cells were prepared from mouse intestinal mucosa by enzyme extraction with collagenase, and antibody secretion was demonstrated with a solid phase enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Oral immunizations with cholera toxin or keyhole limpet haemocyanin to mice gave high numbers of highly antigen-specific spot-forming cells (SFC) among isolated lamina propria lymphocytes. Spots were shown to result from active synthesis of immunoglobulin in vitro. The variation in SFC numbers between individual animals after a given protocol of oral immunizations was found to be 25% and between equal groups analysed on different occasions, 12%. Kinetics of primary as well as secondary immune responses after oral immunizations with cholera toxin were easily monitored. A single dose of cholera toxin gave rise to 230 antitoxin SFC/10(7) isolated lamina propria lymphocytes. Each additional dose stimulated to increasing numbers of specific SFC with roughly 7000 antitoxin SFC/10(7) cells after five immunizations. Monitoring of day-by-day responses after oral booster immunizations demonstrated peak SFC numbers on day 8 after antigen administration. The total number of immunoglobulin-secreting (Ig) cells and the isotype distribution of specific SFC could also be determined. In the peak antitoxin response, 8% of the isolated total Ig-secreting lamina propria cells were active against cholera toxin, and of these 80% were producing IgA. This method has also been successfully used in humans and rabbits to demonstrate specific antibody production by single lamina propria plasma cells.
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PMID:A sensitive method for the detection of specific antibody production in different isotypes from single lamina propria plasma cells. 376 44

Black-grey pigmented skin spots, some of which contained pigmented wool fibres, were observed in a flock of 8.5-year-old white Merino ewes. The spots were concentrated along the backline and increased in number following shearing, suggesting exposure to sunlight to be of importance in the development of these non-congenital pigmented skin spots in genetically white Merino sheep. To test the effect of ultraviolet light, white Merino sheep, ranging in age from 3 to 8 years, had a closely clipped midside area of wool-bearing skin irradiated on each of 28 consecutive days. Pigmented skin spots developed in 6 of the 16 white Merino sheep irradiated. Spots first appeared after 10 days of irradiation, the number subsequently increasing with time, and two skin spots were found to contain sparse numbers of black-grey pigmented wool fibres. Histological examination showed both the naturally occurring and irradiation-induced pigmented skin spots resulted from an increase in both number and activity of melanocytes localized along the epidermal-dermal border of the epidermis. With time, the melanocytes were observed to have entered, to varying depths, the outer-root sheath of follicles still producing white wool fibres. These ultraviolet-light-induced changes to epidermal melanocytes in white Merino sheep presumably occur due to alterations within the local tissue environment in which the melanocytes lie.
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PMID:Pigmented spots in the wool-bearing skin on white merino sheep induced by ultraviolet light. 378 87

A major obstacle to full utilization of the powerful technique of two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis is the expense and complexity of quantifying the results. Using an analog-to-digital converter already present in the widely available Commodore 64 or Commodore 128 microcomputer, we have developed a 2-D gel densitometer (GELSCAN) which adds only $20.00 to the cost of the Commodore system (currently around $700.00). The system is designed to work with autoradiograms of 2-D gels. Spots of interest are identified visually and then positioned manually over a light source. A pinhole photoelectric sensor mounted in a hand-held, Plexiglas holder, or "mouse," is briefly rubbed over each spot. Maximum density of the spot is determined and its value is converted to counts per minute via an internal calibration curve which corrects for the nonlinear response of film to radiation. Local spot backgrounds can be subtracted and values can be normalized between gels to adjust for variation in amount of radioactivity applied or in exposure time. Reproducibility is excellent and the technique has some practical as well as theoretical advantages over other more complicated approaches to 2-D gel densitometry. In addition, the GELSCAN system can also be used for scanning individual bands in 1-D gels, quantitation of "dot-blot" autoradiograms and other tasks involving transmission densitometry.
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PMID:Low-cost two-dimensional gel densitometry. 381 74

A simple and rapid thin-layer chromatographic procedure was developed for the detection and presumptive identification of seventeen synthetic drugs previously reported as adulterants of Chinese herbal preparations. Depending on its complexity, the sample may be directly extracted into aqueous ethanol, or stepwise fractionated into acidic, basic, and neutral components. Extracts are analyzed on silica gel layers containing a fluorescent indicator with the aid of two solvent systems. Spots are visualized under short and long wavelength ultraviolet lights. The procedure was successfully tested on synthetic and commercial samples.
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PMID:Thin-layer chromatographic screening procedure for undeclared synthetic drugs in Chinese herbal preparations. 401 32

In order to characterize patterns of gene expression during the proliferation cycle of HL60 cells, we have analysed changes in the population of mRNA available for translation in vitro. HL60 cells were separated into cell cycle phases by centrifugal elutriation, monitoring the separation with flow cytometry. RNA was extracted from cell fractions highly enriched in G1, S or G2+M phases and translated in vitro. Translation products were analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. Autoradiograms were analysed by a computer-assisted method utilizing a drum-scanning microdensitometer. Spots were identified by their relative positions on the films and their relative intensity was estimated. Of the 159 peptides studied for cell cycle-associated changes in synthesis, nine showed phase-associated changes. The most significant changes were the accumulation of four peptides that showed maximal synthesis only in G2+M phases. An additional four peptides were synthesized maximally in both S and G2+M phases. One peptide showed maximal synthesis in S phase. These changes in gene expression suggest that these relatively abundant transcripts are regulated primarily at a quantitative level during proliferation and may be related to the doubling of structural proteins prior to mitosis.
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PMID:Proliferation-associated changes in in vitro mRNA translation in the HL60 cell line. 404 46

A simple and rapid thin-layer chromatographic procedure is presented for the separation and tentative identification of flurazepam hydrochloride and its six related impurities in bulk samples and capsules. A methanolic sample solution is applied to a plate of silica gel containing a fluorescent indicator, which is developed once with a basic quaternary solvent system. Spots are visible under a short wavelength UV lamp, with a limit of detectability ranging from about 62.5 ng (related compound B) to 500 ng (related compound C). The proposed procedure shows several advantages over the related compounds test of the United States Pharmacopeia.
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PMID:Simple thin-layer chromatographic method for the investigation of six related compounds in flurazepam hydrochloride and its capsules. 409 83


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