Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of hypoglycemic stress on the changes in water and electrolyte metabolism induced by head-down tilting (HDT) was studied. Six healthy men were subjected to postural changes (30 min standing, 2 h HDT, 1 h standing), with or without the intravenous administration of insulin at the beginning of HDT. When insulin was not given, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), cortisol, plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone, and catecholamine levels were decreased and atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) levels increased during HDT. These changes were associated with 2.5- and 1.5-fold increases in urine flow and sodium excretion, respectively, when compared with the amounts before HDT. On the other hand, insulin-induced hypoglycemia during HDT produced increases in ADH, cortisol, PRA, aldosterone, and catecholamine levels. At the same time, an exaggerated ANP response by HDT was observed. These hormonal changes were associated with an abolishment of the increases in urine flow and sodium excretion. It is suggested that acute stress modifies the changes in fluid and electrolyte metabolism induced by HDT.
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PMID:Modification of water and electrolyte metabolism during head-down tilting by hypoglycemia in men. 147 52

Corticosterone (CORT) induces responses in brain cells that are mediated by glucocorticoid receptors through regulation of gene activity. We previously found rapid increases in select poly(A)-containing RNAs in rat hippocampus following treatment with CORT that are mediated by low-affinity glucocorticoid receptors. To determine if these responses are hippocampal specific, we examined RNA responses to glucocorticoids in several brain regions, myocardium, and cultured astrocytes by two-dimensional gel electrophoretic resolution of 35S-methionine labelled, in vitro translation products. RNAs coding for similar 35-, 33-, and 20-kdalton polypeptides are induced after 3 days of CORT treatment (40 mg/kg/day) in hippocampus, hypothalamus, cortex, striatum, cerebellum, and myocardium. Primary astrocyte cultures (neonatal rat), however, showed increases after hydrocortisone (1 microgram/ml) in only the 20- and 33-kdalton translation products, while the 35-kdalton polypeptide was not detected. The hippocampal responses were maintained for up to 3 months during chronic daily CORT treatment. To determine if an increase in endogenous CORT levels would also evoke the RNA responses, we subjected rats to 2 h vibratory stress and analyzed the in vitro translation products. RNAs coding for the 35- and 20-kdalton polypeptides were increased 3- to 5-fold in the hippocampus after acute stress in intact rats, but not in stressed adrenalectomized rats. These results suggest a new class of molecular stress responses in brain cells that is glucocorticoid dependent under physiological conditions.
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PMID:Corticosterone-induced responses in rat brain RNA are also evoked in hippocampus by acute vibratory stress. 246 85

In addition to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and structurally related peptides, arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin, angiotensin II, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide histidine isoleucinamide, epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine induce secretion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) from corticotropic cells in vitro. The apparent affinity and intrinsic ACTH-releasing activity of these substances are lower than those of CRF. These substances can also act synergistically with CRF. In this paper the role of catecholamines and AVP in the control of ACTH release is discussed. Infusion i.v. of E increases plasma ACTH and corticosterone to levels that are normally found during stress. E-induced stimulation of pituitary-adrenal activity is mediated by beta adrenoceptors and involves release of CRF, because it can be prevented by beta-adrenoceptor blockers and by destruction of CRF neurons (hypothalamic lesions), blockade of CRF release (chlorpromazine, morphine, and Nembutal), or administration of CRF antiserum. Although stress can cause a vast increase in plasma E, circulating E is not essential for the acute stress-induced release of ACTH because blockade of beta (or alpha) adrenoceptors, administration of chlorisondamine, or extirpation of the adrenal medulla and sympathectomy do not prevent the pituitary-adrenal response to stress. In contrast, circulating E plays a major role in the release of intermediate-lobe peptides during emotional stress. Studies of the role of AVP in pituitary-adrenal control by the use of pressor receptor (V1) antagonists are not valuable because of the ineffectiveness of such antagonists in blocking AVP-induced release of ACTH from corticotropic cells in vitro. Treatment of rats with an antiserum to AVP reduces the ACTH response to stress. We conclude that AVP has an important role in stress-induced activation of the pituitary-adrenal system, possibly by potentiating the effects of CRF.
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PMID:Role of epinephrine and vasopressin in the control of the pituitary-adrenal response to stress. 298 37

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) transfers cholesterol over the inner mitochondrial membrane. In mammals, StAR controls this rate-limiting step of steroidogenesis, but its expression and regulation has not been well explored in fish. The present work investigates StAR mRNA expression in the head kidney of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) under different stressors. We have cloned the StAR cDNA (1461 bp) in seabream (accession number EF640987), which has an open reading frame of 861 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 286 aa, and displays high sequence identity with StAR of other fish and mammalian counterparts. Seabream StAR transcripts were found to be expressed exclusively in head kidneys and gonads. In fish under acute stress (chased with a net), plasma cortisol levels peaked within 1 h, were still high after 6 h, and decreased after 16 h, although no increases in head kidney StAR expression were observed at any time post-stressor. Fish under chronic high-density stress showed cortisol levels 90-fold higher than controls and StAR mRNA levels increased threefold. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection increased head kidney StAR mRNA levels after 6 h, reached a maximum at 12 h, and decreased until 72 h. When the head kidney cells were incubated in vitro and treated with ACTH or LPS, ACTH induced an increase in StAR expression as expected, but LPS induced a reduction in StAR expression. In conclusion, StAR expression in seabream head kidneys is highly regulated by different stressors.
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PMID:Stress-induced regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in head kidney of Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). 1825 54

Real-time PCR is a highly sensitive, relatively easy to perform assay for quantifying mRNA abundance. However, there are several complexities built into the assay that can affect data interpretation. Most notably, the selection of an appropriate internal control for normalization is essential for expression data interpretation. In this study we investigated the suitability of seven commonly used genes [18S ribosomal RNA (18S), alpha tubulin (TUBA), beta actin (ACTB), beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), embryonic elongation factor-1 alpha (EEF1A), glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and RNA polymerase II polypeptide B (POLR2B)] as potential quantitative references for normalizing real-time PCR data generated in the study of channel catfish physiology. Gene expression and stability were evaluated among 15 channel catfish tissues and within physiologically-relevant tissues in response to experimental manipulation (i.e. LHRH injection, fasting, and acute stress). Expression of the seven candidate reference genes varied across all tissue types tested, indicating that none of the genes could suitably serve as reference genes for cross tissue comparisons. Experimentally altering the physiological state of the fish differentially affected expression of the various reference genes depending on experimental design and tissue type, with 18S unaffected by the experimental treatment in all tissues examined. For example, the selection of a differentially expressed gene, GAPDH, as opposed to 18S, to normalize hepatic growth hormone receptor during fasting resulted in misinterpretation of the data. These results reveal the importance of providing comprehensive details of reference gene validation when publishing real-time PCR results, with this manuscript serving as a basic guideline for reference gene selection in channel catfish research.
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PMID:Stability of reference genes for real-time PCR analyses in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) tissues under varying physiological conditions. 1869 90

Motilin is a 22-amino-acid gastrointestinal polypeptide that was first isolated from the porcine intestine. We identified that motilin receptor is highly expressed in GABAergic interneurons in the basolateral nucleus (BLA) of the amygdala, the structure of which is closely involved in assigning stress disorder and anxiety. However, little is known about the role of motilin in BLA neuronal circuits and the molecular mechanisms of stress-related anxiety. Whole-cell recordings from amygdala slices showed that motilin depolarized the interneurons and facilitated GABAergic transmission in the BLA, which is mimicked by the motilin receptor agonist, erythromycin. BLA local injection of erythromycin or motilin can reduce the anxiety-like behavior in mice after acute stress. Therefore, motilin is essential in regulating interneuron excitability and GABAergic transmission in BLA. Moreover, the anxiolytic actions of motilin can partly be explained by modulating the BLA neuronal circuits. The present data demonstrate the importance of motilin in anxiety and the development of motilin receptor non-peptide agonist as a clear target for the potential treatment of anxiety disorders.
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PMID:Anxiolytic actions of motilin in the basolateral amygdala. 2330 30

A salt tolerant alfalfaMedicago sativa L. cell line (HG2-N1) has been selected for growth in 171 mM NaCl. The salt tolerance characteristic is stable and is retained after growth in absence of salt selection for two months.In vitro translation was used to compare mRNA composition from the salt tolerant HG2-N1 and parent salt sensitive HG2 cell lines grown in the presence and absence of 171 mM NaCl. The results suggest that the mRNA composition differs between HG2-N1 and HG2 in a number of RNA species. The salt tolerant HG2-N1 shows both increases and decreases in specific polypeptides as compared to HG2. Many of the enhanced polypeptide bands from mRNA in the salt tolerant HG2-N1 variant appear to be constitutively expressed, since they can be detected from HG2-N1 cells grown in presence and absence of NaCl, but the expression of a few bands may depend on the presence of added NaCl. Most enhanced polypeptides, which are detected from mRNA in the salt tolerant variant HG2-N1 (grown on NaCl) are different from polypeptide bands enhanced in the salt sensitive HG2 line as a result of 24 hour salt stress. Similar results were obtained from two dimensional analysis ofin vivo labeled polypeptides. At least one isolated cDNA clone shows selective expression of mRNA in salt tolerant cells grown in NaCl. These results indicate that adaptive mechanisms for salt tolerance may differ in some aspects from acute stress mechanisms.
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PMID:Messenger RNA induction in cellular salt tolerance of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). 2423 85