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Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the effects of chronic forced swim stress on 5-HT2 receptors and beta-adrenoceptors in the rat frontal cortex. The number of 5-HT2 receptors was increased immediately after the last chronic stress, but not after an acute stress. In vivo, the number of wet-dog shakes induced by a 5-HT2 receptor agonist, (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), was increased 24 h after the last chronic stress. However, the concentrations of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), were not altered by this stress. Binding sites for [3H]CGP-12177, i.e., beta-adrenoceptor sites, were unchanged after both the acute and the chronic stress. These results suggest that, in the rat, the chronic forced swim stress increases the number of frontal cortical 5-HT2 receptors and the number of wet-dog shakes mediated by these receptors, while the number of frontal cortical beta-adrenoceptors is not increased by this treatment.
Eur J Pharmacol 1995 Dec 29
PMID:Chronic forced swim stress of rats increases frontal cortical 5-HT2 receptors and the wet-dog shakes they mediate, but not frontal cortical beta-adrenoceptors. 875 Jul 38

Nongenomic in vitro effects of aldosterone on the sodium-proton antiport and intracellular second messengers have been described in human mononuclear leukocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. To test the potential physiological relevance of these effects, an in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study on the human calf at rest and during exercise was performed in 10 healthy volunteers receiving either 1 mg aldosterone or placebo iv in a double blind, randomized, cross-over trial. Spectra were analyzed for phosphocreatine, ATP, phosphomonoesters, inorganic intracellular phosphate, and intracellular pH. Resting values remained unchanged by aldosterone. After isometric contraction of the calf (50% body weight for 3 min), phosphocreatine recovered to significantly higher levels after application of aldosterone compared with placebo. Other parameters were not significantly changed by aldosterone. Effects appeared immediately after isometric contraction and, thus, occurred within 8 min of aldosterone administration. They are, therefore, likely to represent the first contemporary evidence of nongenomic in vivo effects of aldosterone in man. These findings also point to an involvement of aldosteron in the acute stress adaptation of cellular oxidative metabolism in human muscle physiology.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996 Dec
PMID:Nongenomic effects of aldosterone on phosphocreatine levels in human calf muscle during recovery from exercise. 895 30

The effects of acute immobilization (IMO) on daily rhythms of corticosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone (GH) were studied in adult male rats. Two hours of IMO increased serum corticosterone, this increase still being observed 3 h after finishing stress exposure. In the dark period corticosterone levels did not differ in control and IMO rats, but higher levels were observed again in the morning of the day after. Immobilization lowered serum GH and TSH levels throughout the 24-h period that followed exposure to the stressor. Such an effect was more marked in GH than in TSH. In addition, GH, but not TSH, levels were found to be reduced significantly by IMO at 08.30 h of the next day. None the less, daily rhythms of GH and TSH were still persistent and roughly similar to those of control rats. The daily rhythm of food intake was measured in a separate experiment and it was observed, as expected, that IMO reduced food intake only in the dark period of the lighting cycle. It appears therefore unlikely that IMO-induced anorexia was the major factor responsible for the inhibition of GH and TSH caused by IMO at 11.00 and 19.00 h, considering that the amount of food intake was very low and similar in control and IMO rats during this period. However, anorexia might have contributed to inhibition of GH and TSH secretion afterwards. Thus, in a third experiment we studied the contribution of IMO-induced anorexia to the changes in hormone levels observed 24 h after stress by introducing a group of pair-fed rats. It was found that IMO, but not pair-feeding, reduced TSH levels, whereas a similar reduction of GH was found in the two conditions. It might be concluded that acute stress transiently altered corticosterone secretion, the only long-lasting effect being a slight increase in its morning levels on the following stress. Immobilization also causes an inhibition of GH and TSH secretion in the rat that persists for several hours after finalization of exposure to the stressor, but daily rhythms were still apparent. It appears that the contribution of stress-induced anorexia is different in GH than in TSH. In conclusion, an acute severe stressor such as IMO, although modifying circulating levels of some hormones, particularly in the hours following exposure to the stressor, did not appear to interfere greatly with the expression of circadian rhythms of anterior pituitary hormones.
Eur J Endocrinol 1996 Dec
PMID:Acute stress attenuates but does not abolish circadian rhythmicity of serum thyrotrophin and growth hormone in the rat. 902 16

Sudden death is becoming a matter for concern as this type of accident represents an increasing proportion of deaths from cardio-vascular causes. A campaign is being launched aimed at promoting early diagnosis and appropriate action at the time of the event itself. At the same time it is necessary to get to know the target population better, especially with regard to the specific anatomical conditions which are the cause of death. For the last seven years we have been carrying out a descriptive pathological research study. The first stage took form of a three year retrospective study (1989-1991) involving 365 subjects victims of sudden death. The second part was a prospective study carried out in 1994. Heart disease emerged as the principal cause of death, something which is already well known. More interesting was the discovery that 72.3% of the subjects were completely asymptomatic despite the fact that in 85% of cases they had bi-truncal or tri-truncal lesions. The same findings emerged from the study of a subgroup of persons who had died suddenly as a result of acute stress. The data obtained are extremely homogeneous. When compared to the findings obtained from a control group of the same age who had died as the result of violence, the difference between the two populations is highly significant. Finally we should like to draw attention to the lack of epidemiological data on sudden death available in France at the present time, and this despite the fact that it is undoubtedly a public health priority. There is a need to promote both education and action in relation to this somewhat disturbing subject.
Bull Acad Natl Med 1996 Dec
PMID:[Cardiac sudden death in adults]. 918 96

Orphanin FQ (OFQ, Nociceptin) is a recently discovered 17-amino acid neuropeptide that is structurally related to the opioid peptides but does not bind opioid receptors. OFQ has been proposed to act as an anti-opioid peptide, but its widespread sites of action in the brain suggest that it may have more general functions. Here we show that OFQ plays an important role in higher brain functions because it can act as an anxiolytic to attenuate the behavioral inhibition of animals acutely exposed to stressful/anxiogenic environmental conditions. OFQ anxiolytic-like effects were consistent across several behavioral paradigms generating different types of anxiety states in animals (light-dark preference, elevated plus-maze, exploratory behavior of an unfamiliar environment, pharmacological anxiogenesis, operant conflict) and were observed at low nonsedating doses (0.1-3 nmol, intracerebroventricular). Like conventional anxiolytics, OFQ interfered with regular sensorimotor function at high doses (>3 nmol). Our results show that an important role of OFQ is to act as an endogenous regulator of acute anxiety responses. OFQ, probably in concert with other major neuropeptides, exerts a modulatory role on the central integration of stressful stimuli and, thereby, may modulate anxiety states generated by acute stress.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Dec 23
PMID:Orphanin FQ acts as an anxiolytic to attenuate behavioral responses to stress. 940 3

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are antigen-specific, cell-mediated immune responses which, depending on the antigen involved, mediate beneficial (resistance to viruses, bacteria, fungi, and certain tumors) or harmful (allergic dermatitis, autoimmunity) aspects of immune function. We have shown that acute stress administered immediately before antigenic challenge results in a significant enhancement of a skin DTH response in rats. A stress-induced trafficking or redeployment of leukocytes to the skin may be one of the factors mediating this immunoenhancement. Here we investigate the effects of varying the duration, intensity, and chronicity of stress on the DTH response and on changes in blood leukocyte distribution and glucocorticoid levels. Acute stress administered for 2 h prior to antigenic challenge, significantly enhanced the DTH response. Increasing the duration of stress from 2 h to 5 h produced the same magnitude enhancement in cutaneous DTH. Moreover, increasing the intensity of acute stress produced a significantly larger enhancement of the DTH response which was accompanied by increasing magnitudes of leukocyte redeployment. In contrast, chronic stress suppressed the DTH response when it was administered for 3 weeks before sensitization and either discontinued upon sensitization, or continued an additional week until challenge, or extended for one week after challenge. The stress-induced redeployment of peripheral blood lymphocytes was attenuated with increasing exposure to chronic stress and correlated with attenuated glucocorticoid responsivity. These results suggest that stress-induced alterations in lymphocyte redeployment may play an important role in mediating the bi-directional effects of acute versus chronic stress on cell-mediated immunity in vivo.
Brain Behav Immun 1997 Dec
PMID:Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo: a potential role for leukocyte trafficking. 951 16

Acute mental and physical stress lead to a marked lymphocytosis, with circulating natural killer cell numbers showing the most prominent increase. Many studies have linked these acute stress effects on lymphocytes with an increase in catecholamine levels. However, the molecular mechanisms which mediate this redistribution of lymphocytes from lymphocyte reservoirs into the circulation remain unknown. We hypothesized that this form of lymphocytosis was in part due to shedding of cell adhesion molecules from the cell surface and a subsequent detachment of lymphocytes adhering to the vascular endothelium in lymphocyte reservoirs. In this study, healthy human volunteers (n = 12) were exercised on a treadmill until exhaustion. The circulating levels of the soluble cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and E-Selectin were determined by ELISA. The subjects were then randomly assigned to treatment with either propranolol or metoprolol and repeated the exercise protocol after 1 week of treatment. Prior to drug treatment, soluble ICAM-1 levels rose from 258 +/- 19 to 321 +/- 28 ng/ml following exercise and returned to approximate baseline levels of 263 +/- 22 ng/ml after 1 h of rest. This highly significant effect of exercise on circulating ICAM-1 levels (p < .005) was mitigated after treatment with the beta-adrenergic antagonists. Soluble E-Selectin levels were not significantly affected by exercise. These results suggest that dynamic exercise leads to shedding of the cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 via adrenergic mechanisms. We believe that these findings will contribute to the understanding of how physical and mental stress modulate lymphocyte migration and adhesion.
Brain Behav Immun 1997 Dec
PMID:Dynamic exercise leads to an increase in circulating ICAM-1: further evidence for adrenergic modulation of cell adhesion. 951 20

Intrusive trauma-related thoughts and the means to manage them are a central dynamic in posttraumatic stress. Thought control strategies were investigated in survivors of motor vehicle accidents with either acute stress disorder (ASD; n = 20) or no ASD (n = 20). Participants completed the Acute Stress Disorder Interview, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) within four weeks of their accident. Although distraction, social control, and reappraisal were the most common strategies in both groups, ASD participants engaged in punishment and worry more than non-ASD participants. Worry and punishment were also strongly associated with severity of intrusive, avoidance, arousal, and depressive symptoms. Findings are discussed in terms of the role of cognitive strategies in resolving posttraumatic stress.
Behav Res Ther 1998 Dec
PMID:Thought control strategies in acute stress disorder. 974 1

Cognitive bias was investigated in survivors of motor vehicle accidents with either acute stress disorder (ASD; n = 17) or no ASD (n = 17). Participants completed the acute stress disorder interview, the Beck depression inventory, the Beck anxiety inventory, the impact of event scale, and a probability questionnaire (PQ) and a cost questionnaire (CQ) within four weeks of their accident. ASD participants exaggerated both the probability of negative events occurring, and the adverse cost of those events more than non-ASD participants. IES-Avoidance scores were the only significant predictors of both PQ and CQ scores. Findings are discussed in terms of the role of cognitive errors in posttraumatic adjustment.
Behav Res Ther 1998 Dec
PMID:Cognitive bias in acute stress disorder. 974 2

The level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) measured in saliva is downregulated during periods of chronic stress. In contrast, the response to an acute stress challenge is a transient increase. The process of awakening is associated with stress neuroendocrine activation characterised by increases in salivary cortisol. We therefore examined if this period of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation was associated with changes in salivary sIgA. Associations of sIgA with the diurnal cortisol cycle were also investigated in a separate study. The awakening cortisol response was measured in 30 healthy day-active young adults. There was a marked elevation from the first awakening level over the succeeding 30 min. SIgA showed the opposite response with a marked fall from the highest first awakening concentration in the same samples over the same period. The cortisol rise was significantly correlated with the sIgA fall (r = 0.42). Salivary sIgA showed a similar diurnal cycle to cortisol in a study on eight healthy young adults. An early morning acrophase was followed by a decline to a stable base some 6 h after awakening. The physiological significance of these relationships and possible implications for vulnerability to infection are discussed.
Int J Psychophysiol 1998 Dec
PMID:The relationship between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A and cortisol: neuroendocrine response to awakening and the diurnal cycle. 993 22


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